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Csci2 > CSC final chapts 6,7,8 > Flashcards

CSC final chapts 6,7,8 Flashcards

(69 cards)

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1
Q

How can we be aware of possible mistakes

A

recognixing mistaken substitutions, respecting upper and lowercase pathnames and passwords

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2
Q

Debugging

A

A process by which one figures out why something isnt working properly

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3
Q

Who causes the bug?

A

usually WE do, involving wrong data, wrong command, broken system

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4
Q

Steps to debugging

A

1.check the error is reproducible, 2 be sure you know the exact problem, 3.check all obvious error sources, 4. isolate problem by dividing the operation into those parts that are working are not

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5
Q

deterministic

A

computers do the exact same thing every time

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6
Q

first step in debugging

A

reproduce the error

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7
Q

print queue

A

place where printing tasks wait befor ebeing processed

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8
Q

how to approach software failures

A

programmers begin with description of” the input, how the system should behave, how the output should be produced”

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9
Q

Fail Soft software

A

the program continuies to operate providing a possibly degraded level of functionality

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10
Q

Fail safe software

A

the system stops functioning to avoid causing harm

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11
Q

True or false, it is practically impossible to have a bug free software

A

TRUE

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12
Q

digitize

A

to represent informatin with digits

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13
Q

limitiation of the dictionary definition of digitize

A

it calls for the use of ten digits which produces a whole number

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14
Q

advantages of digits

A

the have short names, can be listed in numerical order

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15
Q

collating sequence

A

placing information in order by using non digit symbols, an agreed order for basic symbols

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16
Q

Pand A

A

name used for two fundamental patterns of digital information: Presence, absence

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17
Q

Key property of PandA

A

is that the phenonmenon is eiher present or not (binary)

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18
Q

In the PandA representation

A

the unit is a specific place, presence or absence of the phemonomenon can be set and detected

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19
Q

PandA unit

A

bit(binary digit)

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20
Q

group of bits

A

symbol

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21
Q

memory

A

long sequence of bits

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22
Q

how to read bits

A

1 is presence, 0 is absence

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23
Q

Hex digits

A

hexadecimal digits are base-16 numbers( 1-9, A-F)

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24
Q

hexits

A

16 digits of Hex digits, they can be represented by 16 smbols of 4 bit sequences

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25
two earliest of PandA
encode numbers, encode keyboard characters
26
two's complement notation
most popular means of representing integer values using 8 bits
27
excess notation
another means of reprsenting integer clues, used in floating point notation
28
both twos complement notation and excess notation can suffer from over flow errors, T or F?
TRUE
29
Floating Point Notation
Evilness. JK. Consists of a sign bit, a mantissa field, and an exponent field
30
ASCII
American Standard Code for Informatio Interchange(7bit code)
31
Extended ASCII
8 bit code
32
byte
8 bit sequence
33
UPC
universal product codes (7 bits are used to encode the digits 0-9)
34
meta data
information describing information (third basic form of data)
35
parity
refers to whether a number is even or odd
36
how to detect errors in memory
a ninth bit per byte can detect errors using parity (any single bitt error cuases parity to become odd)
37
pixels
are small points of colored light arranged in a rectangle
38
how many colors is a pixel formed from?
3 (RGB)
39
reprsenting the color of a single requires # bytes
3 bytes
40
Black
absence of light (all 0s in the bits)
41
white
full intensity of each color (all 1s in the bits)
42
computing on reprsentations
when digital informatin is chaned through computation (changing brightness or contrast of photo)
43
brightness
how close to white the pixels are
44
contrast
the size of difference between the darkest and lightest portions of the image
45
to make a picture brighter
add # to each pixel (make it closer to 1)
46
objects create sound by
vibrating in a medium
47
to digitize you must
convert to bits
48
to digitize sound waves
use inary number to record the amount that the wave is above or below the 0 line
49
nyquist rule
says that a sampling rate must be at least twice as fast as the fastest frequency
50
digitizing process for sound
sound is picked up by microphone (transducer). Signal is fed into analog-to digital converter(ADC), then process is reversed to paly sound (uses DAC). Electrical signal then put intoa speaker and converts to sound wave
51
to make a sound sample more accurate
use more bits
52
how bits does audio digital representation use?
16 bits
53
advantages of digital sound
computers do the exact same thing every time
54
computing on the respresentation
ie. MP3, it allows for 10:1 compression
55
compression
to change the representation in order to use fewer bits to store or transmit information
56
run length encoding
is lossless compression scheme, orignial reprsenation can be perfectly reconstructed from compressed version(MP3)
57
lossy compression
original representation cannot be exactly reconstructed from compressed version(JPEG)
58
GIF
graphic interachange format
59
MPEG compression
applied to motion pictures, a JPEG type compression is applied to each frame
60
interframe coherency
MPEG compression only has to record and transimt the differences between frames (reuslting in huge amounts of compression)
61
frame grabber
recognizes when to snap image and send to computer for processing
62
classifier
matches features to letters of alphabet
63
optical character recognition
enables computer to 'read" printed characters
64
haptic devices
are input/output technology for itneracting with our sense of touch and feel
65
latency
is the time it takes for information to be delivered
66
bandwith
how much information is transmitted per unit time
67
bias free universal medium principle
bits can represent all discrete information
68
bits can represent
binary numbers, ASCII characters, RGB colors, unlimited list of other things
69
MP3, JPEG and MPEG are used for which compressions? (each on is different)
MP3-audio, JPEG-pictures, MPEG-video

Csci2 (5 decks)

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