CSCS CH 1 Structure & Function of Body Systems Flashcards
(104 cards)
1
Q
Musculoskeletal system
A
consists of bones, joints, muscles, & tendons configured to allow the great variety of movements characteristics of human acitivty
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Q
Skeleton
A
muscle attachment points, to cause bony levels to enforce pushing and pulling forces from muscles.
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Axial skeleton
A
consists of the skull, vertebral column, ribs, & sternum
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Appendicular skeleton
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includes the shoulder girdle; bones of the arm, wrist & hands. The pelvic girdle; bones of the legs, ankles, & feet.
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Q
Fibrous joints
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allow virtually no movement; EX) sutures of the skull.
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Cartilaginous joints
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Allow limited movement; EX) intervertebral disks.
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Q
Synovial Joint
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Allow considerable movement. EX) elbow & knee
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Q
Hyaline Cartilage
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Articulating bone ends are covered in.
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Q
Synovial Fluid
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The entire joint is enclosed in a capsule filled of
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Q
Uniaxial joints
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Allows 1 axis of movement. EX) Hinge joint, elbow or knee
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Biaxial Joints
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Allows movement in 2 perpendicular axes. EX) ankle & wrist
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Q
multiaxial joints
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Allows movement in all three perpendicular axes; EX ball-n-socket joint, hip or shoulder
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Q
Vertebral column make up
A
Vertebral bones separated by flexible disks that allow movement to occur 7 cervical 12 Thoracic 5 Lumbar 5 fused sacral 3 to 5 coccygeal
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Q
Epimysium
A
fibrous connective tissue, covers the body’s more than 430 skeletal muscles
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Q
tendon
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connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone
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Bone periosteum
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specialized connective tissue covering all bones
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proximal
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closer to the trunk
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distal
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farther from the trunk
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superior
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closer to the head
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inferior
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closer to the feet
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Q
muscle fibers
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muscle cells; long, cylindrical cells; Nuclei situated on periphery of the cell
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Fasciculi
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bundles of muscle fibers under the epimysium may consist of 150 fibers
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perimysium
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fasciculi bundle being surrounded by this connective tissue
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Q
endomysium
A
connective tissue that surrounds each muscle fiber of fasciculi
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sarcolemma
encircled & is contiguous with endomysium; inside a fasciculus
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Sarcoplasm
interior structure of a muscle fiber. Cytoplasm of a muscle fiber, contains contractile components; protein filaments, other proteins, stored glycogen, enzymes, fat particles, mitochondria, the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Surrounds the myofibril
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myofibrils
within the sarcoplasm; contains apparatus that contracts the muscle cells (myofilaments actin and myosin)
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myofilaments
where the sarcomere is located actin and myosin
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motor neuron
nerve cell located in central nervous system (CNS)
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neuromuscular junction
where the motor neuron & muscle fiber meet & is innervated (motor end plate)
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motor unit
a motor neuron & the muscle fiber it innervates contract together when stimulated by motor neuron
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cross-bridge
myosin thick head protrudes away from myosin filament & connects to, innervates with, actin thin.
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sarcomere
Smallest contractile unit of the skeletal muscle
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A-band
Dark; corresponds with the alignment of the myosin and actin attachment point
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I-band
Light; corresponds with the areas in two adjacent sarcomeres that contain only actin filaments
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Z-line
middle of the I-band (actin) & appears as a thin, dark line running longitudinally through the I-band
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H-zone
Area in the center of the sarcomere where only myosin filaments are present
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M-line
Center of the A band & sarcomere.
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Action potential
An electrical nerve impulse. Arrives nearly simultaneously from surface to all depths of the muscle fibers. Calcium is thus released throughout the muscle, producing a coordinated contraction
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Sliding-Filament theory
States that the actin filaments at each end of the sarcomere slide inward on myosin filaments, pulling the z-lines toward the center of the sarcomere & shortening the muscle fiber.
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SFT; Resting Phase
Resting conditions, little calcium is present in the myofibrils (stored in sarcoplasmic reticulum) very few myosin cross-bridges are bound to actin.
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SFT; Excitation-contraction coupling phase
Before myosin cross-bridges can flex, they must first attach to the actin filaments
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troponin
A protein that is situated at regular intervals along the actin filaments & has a high affinity for calcium ions.
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tropomyosin
protein molecule that runs the length of the actin filament in the groove of the double helix. The myosin cross-bridge attaches more rapidly.
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SFT; contraction phase
when calcium binds to troponin
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power stroke
The energy of pulling action hydrolysis (breakdown) of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) & phosphate (P), catalyzed by enzyme myosin adenosine triphosphate (ATPase).
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SFT; Recharge phase
measurable muscle shortening transpires only when this sequence of events binding of calcium to troponin, coupling of the myosin, cross-bridge with actin, power stroke, dissociation of actin & myosin, & resetting of the myosin head position. Repeated over & over again.
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SFT; Relaxation phase
Occurs when the stimulation of a motor nerve stops. Calcium is pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum, prevents binding between actin & myosin filaments
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Neuromuscular system
muscle fibers are innervated by motor neurons that transmit impulses in the form of electrochemical signals from the spinal cord to the muscles
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Acetylocholine
Arrival of the action potential at the nerve terminal causes release of this neurotransmitter. It diffuses across the neuromuscular junction causing excitation of the sarcolemma
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All-OR-none principle
All of the muscle fibers in the motor unit contract & develop force at the same time. If none contract than there is no contraction
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Twitch
Each action potential traveling down a motor neuron results in a short period of activation of the muscle fibers within the motor unit.
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Tentanus
The stimuli may be delivered at so high a frequency that the twitches begin to merge & eventually completely fuse. Maximal amount of force the motor unit can develop.
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Fast-Twitch fibers
A motor unit that develops force & also relaxes rapidly & has a short twitch time. Type IIa & IIx
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Slow-twitch fibers
A motor unit that develops force & relaxes slowly & has a long twitch time. Type I
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Type I fibers
efficient & fatigue resistant & have a high capacity for aerobic energy supply; limited potential for rapid force development. Low myosin ATPase activity & low anaerobic power
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Type II fibers
Inefficient & Fatigable & have low aerobic power; rapid force development high myosin ATPase activity & high an anaerobic power.
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Type IIa
Have greater capacity for aerobic metabolism & more capillaries surrounding them. Great resistance to fatigue
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Type IIx
Less capacity for aerobic metabolism & less capillaries surrounding. Less resistance to fatigue.
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Proprioception
specialized sensory receptors located within joints, muscles, & tendons sensitive to pressure & tension
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Muscle spindles
proprioceptors that consist of several modified muscle fibers enclosed in a sheath of connective tissue. Intra & extrafusal fibers.
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Intrafusal fibers
muscle spindles-sensory receptors for muscle control & movement.
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Extrafusal fibers
Build up the muscle mass, generate force & execute movements.
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Golgi Tendon Organs (GTOs)
Proprioceptors located in tendons near the myotendinous junction & are in series, attached end to end with extrafusal muscle fibers. Activated when the tendon attached to an active muscle is stretched inhibitory process thought to provide a mechanism that protects against excessive tension
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Atrium
chambers Left & right deliver blood into the left & right ventricles
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Ventricle
Supply the main force for moving blood through the pulmonary & peripheral circulations. Let & Right ventricle
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Tricuspid valve & mitral valve
Atrioventricular (AV) valves prevent the flow of blood from the ventricles back into the atria's during ventricular contraction.
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Systole
Ventricular contraction
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Aortic valve & pulmonary valve
semilunar valves, prevent backflow from the aorta & pulmonary arteries into the ventricles during ventricular relaxation
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Diastole
Ventricular relaxation
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Sinoatrial (SA) node
intrinsic pacemaker, where rhythmic electrical impulses are normally initiated.
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atrioventricular (AV) node
where the impulse is delayed slightly before passing into the ventricles
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atrioventricular (AV) bundle
conduct the impulse to the ventricles
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Left & right bundle branch
conducts impulses to all parts of the ventricles
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Purkinje fibers
continuation of the right bundle branch
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myocardium
The heart muscle
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autonomic nervous system
involuntary contractions from the Central Nervous system. Splits into sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
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Sympathetic Nervous system
Fight or Flight. Causes depolarization of SA node to make heart beat faster.
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Parasympathetic Nervous System
Rest or Digest. Slows the SA node. Slows the heart rate.
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Bradycardia
Fewer than 60 beats/min
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Tachycardia
more than 100 beats/min
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Electrocardiogram (ECG)
electrical activity of the heart can be recorded at the surface of the body. A graphic representation of activity.
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P-Wave
generated by the changes in the electrical potential of cardiac muscle cells that depolarize the atria & results in atrial contraction.
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QRS complex
Q-wave, R-wave, & S-wave. Generated by the electrical potential that depolarized the ventricles & results in ventricular contraction.
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T-wave
electrical potential generated as the ventricle recover from the state of depolarization
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Repolarization
Occurs in ventricular muscle shortly after depolarization.
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Arterial system
carries blood away from the heart to supply oxygenated blood to the body.
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Venous system
Returns deoxygenated blood toward the heart
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Arteries
rapidly transport blood pumped from the heart. Strong muscular walls
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arterioles
Small branches of arteries. act as control vessels through which blood enter the capillaries.
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capillaries
facilitate exchange of oxygen, fluid, nutrients, electrolytes, hormones, & other substances between the blood & the interstitial fluid in the various tissue of the body. Very thin & very permeable.
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Venules
collect blood from the capillaries & gradually converge into large veins
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Veins
transport blood back to the heart. Low pressure, thin walls, although muscular.
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Hemoglobin
transport of oxygen, iron-protein molecule carried by the red blood cells.
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Red blood cells
Major component of the blood, contains carbonic anhydrase, catalyzes carbon dioxide & water for carbon removal.
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Respiratory System
Primary Function of the respiratory system is the basic exchange of oxygen & carbon dioxide.
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Trachea
first-generation respiratory passage
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Bronchi
second-generation respiratory passage.
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Bronchioles
The next generation of branches.
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Alveoli
Where gases are exchanged in respiration.
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Pleural pressure
pressure in the narrow space between the lung pleura & the chest wall pleura.
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Pleura
Membranes enveloping the lungs & lining the chest wall.
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Alveolar pressure
pressure inside the alveoli when the glottis is open & no air is flowing into or out of the lungs.
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Diffusion
simple random motion of molecules moving in opposite directions through the alveolar capillary membrane.
