CSF, Vessels, and Higher Cortical Structure

Question 1

what are the four regions of the lateral ventricles?

Answer 1

inferior, posterior, anterior horn, and body

Question 2

how is the lateral ventricle connected to the third ventricle?

Answer 2

interventricular foramen

Question 3

what is the third ventricle superior to?

Answer 3

the optic chiasm and midbrain

Question 4

what are the boundaries of the fourth ventricle?

Answer 4

anterior: pons and medulla
posterior: cerebellum

Question 5

what are the apertures of the fourth ventricle?

Answer 5

paired lateral, single median

Question 6

what does the fourth ventricle open to inferiorly?

Answer 6

the central canal

Question 7

what are the cisterns of the ventricular system?

Answer 7

lumbar, cisterna magna, prepontine, interpeduncular, quadrigeminal

Question 8

what does the choroid plexus do?

Answer 8

filters the plasma from the blood to create CSF

Question 9

what is the nutrient more concentrated in CSF compared to other bodily fluids?

Answer 9

calcium

Question 10

what are functions of the CSF?

Answer 10

physical support for the brain, excretory functions allow for the removal of water-soluble metabolites, channel for chemical communication

Question 11

are choroid capillaries permeable? are choroid epithelial cells permeable?

Answer 11

yes
limited permeability

Question 12

what do choroid epithelial cells allow through?

Answer 12

lipid soluble substances (O2, CO2)

Question 13

how is CSF reabsorbed?

Answer 13

absorbed out of the subarachnoid space through arachnoid granulations?

Question 14

what is another way CSF can be absorbed?

Answer 14

through cervical lymphatics by way of arachnoid surrounding CNs

Question 15

what is hydrocephalus?

Answer 15

when there is more production of CSF than absorption

Question 16

what are symptoms of hydrocephalus?

Answer 16

headaches, nausea, motor and sensory disturbances

Question 17

how is hydrocephalus traditionally treated?

Answer 17

with a ventroperitoneal shunt

Question 18

what does non-communicating hydrocephalus indicate?

Answer 18

a blockage within the ventricular pathway

Question 19

what does the anterior cerebral artery perfuse?

Answer 19

medial frontal and parietal lobes

Question 20

what does the posterior cerebral artery perfuse?

Answer 20

inferior and medial temporal and occipital lobes, posterior thalamus, cerebral peduncles

Question 21

what does the middle cerebral artery perfuse?

Answer 21

lateral frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes, insula

Question 22

what do lenticulostriate arteries perfuse?

Answer 22

basal ganglia, internal capsule, amygdala, anterior thalamus

Question 23

what are the branches of the basilar artery?

Answer 23

short and paramedian pontine, long circumferential

Question 24

what do short and paramedian pontine arteries perfuse?

Answer 24

crus cerebri and central pons

Question 25

what do long circumferential branches perfuse?

Answer 25

dorsolateral pons, superior cerebellar peduncle

Question 26

what does the superior cerebellar artery perfuse?

Answer 26

superior dorsolateral pons, dorsal midbrain, cerebellum

Question 27

what does the anterior inferior cerebellar artery perfuse?

Answer 27

inferior dorsolateral pons and cerebellum

Question 28

what does the posterior inferior cerebellar artery perfuse?

Answer 28

superior dorsolateral medulla and cerebellum

Question 29

what does the quadrigeminal artery perfuse?

Answer 29

arises from PCA, supplies sup and inf colliculi, and tectum

Question 30

what do the posterior choroidal arteries perfuse?

Answer 30

posterior thalamus and choroid plexus there are medial and lateral branches

Question 31

where does the anterior spinal artery come from? what does is perfuse?

Answer 31

from vertebral arteries supplies anterior 2/3 of sc

Question 32

where do the posterior spinal arteries come from? what do they perfuse?

Answer 32

from posterior inferior cerebellar arteries supplies posterior 1/3 of sc

Question 33

what are pyramidal cells?

Answer 33

multipolar neurons main output neurons of the cerebral cortex

Question 34

what is the size of pyramidal cells related to?

Answer 34

the distance to its target

Question 35

where are pyramidal cells found?

Answer 35

in cortical layers 2, 3, 5, & 6

Question 36

what are the classifications of pyramidal cells?

Answer 36

commissural, association, projection

Question 37

commisural pyramidal cells

Answer 37

form the corpus callosum

Question 38

association pyramidal cells

Answer 38

go to the ipsilateral cortex

Question 39

what do projection pyramidal cells do

Answer 39

go to other parts of the CNS (like the sc)

Question 40

what do stellate cells do?

Answer 40

project to local targets in the cerebral cortex modulate cortical activity

Question 41

where are stellate cells found?

Answer 41

in layers 2-6

Question 42

spiny stellate cells

Answer 42

release glutamate which is excitatory

Question 43

aspiny stellate cells

Answer 43

release GABA which is inhibitory

Question 44

what is neocortex?

Answer 44

95% of the cortex with six distinct layers

Question 45

what is allocortex?

Answer 45

less developed with only 3-4 layers

Question 46

archicortex

Answer 46

hippocampus/dentate gyrus

Question 47

paleocortex

Answer 47

olfactory bulb/piriform cortex

Question 48

what is cortical layer 1 named? what does it contain?

Answer 48

molecular cell processes

Question 49

what is cortical layer 2 named? what does it contain?

Answer 49

external granular dense stellate cells and small pyramidal cells

Question 50

what is cortical layer 3 named? what does it contain?

Answer 50

external pyramidal loose stellate cells and medium pyramidal cells

Question 51

what is cortical layer 4 named? what does it contain?

Answer 51

internal granular dense stellate cells

Question 52

what is cortical layer 5 named? what does it contain?

Answer 52

internal pyramidal large pyramidal cells

Question 53

what is cortical layer 6 named? what does it contain?

Answer 53

multiform various sized pyramidal cells and loose stellate cells

Question 54

what is the function of cortical layer 2?

Answer 54

to ipsilateral cortical areas

Question 55

what is the function of cortical layer 3?

Answer 55

to contralateral cortical areas

Question 56

what is the function of cortical layer 4?

Answer 56

input

Question 57

what is the function of cortical layer 5?

Answer 57

to the striatum, brain stem, and spinal cord

Question 58

what is the function of cortical layer 6?

Answer 58

to the thalamus

Question 59

what do projection bundles do?

Answer 59

connect cortex and subcortical structures

Question 60

what do commissural bundles do?

Answer 60

connect contralateral cortical areas (layer 3)

Question 61

what do association bundles do?

Answer 61

connect ipsilateral cortical areas (layer 2)

Question 62

what are examples of association fibers?

Answer 62

superior and inferior longitudinal fasciculus, frontooccipital fasciculus, cingulum, uncinate fasciculus, short fibers

Question 63

what are Brodmann's Areas

Answer 63

52 distinct areas based on histological differences in the cortex, don't respect sulci or gyri boundaries

Question 64

Brodmann's areas 1,2,3

Answer 64

primary somatosensory cortex

Question 65

Brodmann's area 5

Answer 65

somatosensory association area

Question 66

Brodmann's area 4

Answer 66

primary motor cortex

Question 67

Brodmann's area 6

Answer 67

premotor cortex

Question 68

Brodmann's area 17

Answer 68

primary visual cortex

Question 69

Brodmann's area 18, 19

Answer 69

visual association cortex

Question 70

Broddmann's area 41

Answer 70

primary auditory cortex (extends across transverse temporal gyrus)

Question 71

Broca's area

Answer 71

Brodmann's area 44,45 inferior frontal gyrus

Question 72

Wernicke's area

Answer 72

Brodmann's area 22,40 superior temporal gyrus and supra marginal gyrus

Question 73

arcuate fasciculus

Answer 73

connects Broca's and Wernicke's association bundle

Question 74

what is prosody?

Answer 74

the ability to translate/produce pitch, volume, tempo, and rhythm (Broca and Wernicke's areas on right)

Question 75

what are the reading centers

Answer 75

supra marginal gyrus (40) angular gyrus (39) word recognition in occipitotemporal gyrus (37) word vocalization in Broca's area (44) writing in premotor cortex (6)

Question 76

what happens in dyslexia?

Answer 76

different regions of the brain are activated when trying to read

Question 77

what does reading center 40 do?

Answer 77

supramarginal gyrus auditory perceptions, how does the word sound

Question 78

what does reading center 39 do?

Answer 78

angular gyrus this is what that word is, auditory representation

Question 79

what does reading center 37 do?

Answer 79

visual word form area (word recognition) in occipitotemporal gyrus

Question 80

what does reading center 44 do?

Answer 80

word vocalization in broca’s area, motor planning for vocalization

Question 81

what does reading center 6 do?

Answer 81

motor plans for handwriting in premotor cortex