CSI 4

Question 1

what is mild cognitive impairment

Answer 1

when mental abilities e.g memory and thinking are slightly worse than normally expected at that age

Question 2

what percentage of people aged above 65 have MCI

Answer 2

5-20%

Question 3

What does MCI describe

Answer 3

a set of symptoms not a specific disease

Question 4

what do people with MCI struggle with

Answer 4

MARVeL
Memory
Attention
Reasoning
Visual depth perception
Language

Question 5

what can cause MCI

Answer 5

often caused by underlying illness
Pre-dementia
depression or anxiety
physical illness
poor eyesight or hearing
side effects of medicine
vitamin or thyroid deffeciency

Question 6

what does MCI sometimes develop into

Answer 6

Dementia
Not everyone will get it but risk has increased

Question 7

what is dementia

Answer 7

when there is severe deterioration in cognitive function beyond expected from normal ageing

Question 8

what does dementia affect

Answer 8

memory
thinking
orientation
comprehension
calculation
learning capacity
language
judgement

Question 9

what doesn’t dementia affect

Answer 9

consciousness

Question 10

what are some side effects of dementia

Answer 10

lack of motivation and worsened emotional control

Question 11

how do people develop dementia

Answer 11

results from variety of disease and injuries that have a direct or indirect affect the brain

Question 12

what are the 3 stages for signs and symptoms of dementia

Answer 12

Early - gradual onset, often overlooked
Middle - symptoms become clearer and more restricting
Late - near total dependence and inactivity, memory disturbances are serious, physical signs more obvious

Question 13

what are the signs and symptoms in early stage of dementia

Answer 13

forgetfulness
losing track of time
becoming lost in familiar places

Question 14

what are the signs and symptoms in middle stage of dementia

Answer 14

forgetting recent events
becoming lost at home
increased difficulty with communicating
needing help with personal care
experiencing behaviour changes
wandering and repeating questions

Question 15

what are the signs and symptoms in late stage of dementia

Answer 15

unaware of time and place
difficulty recognising relatives and friends
need for assisted self care
difficulty walking
behavioural changes escalate including aggression

Question 16

what are the 4 different types of dementia

Answer 16

Alzheimer’s disease
vascular dementia
lewy body dementia
frontotemporal dementia

Question 17

what are the signs and symptoms of Alzheimer’s

Answer 17

Mainly memory loss and confusion
Onset is gradual with deterioration over time
More likely to retain long term memory
Can be treated by acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and memantine

Question 18

what are the signs or symptoms of vascular dementia

Answer 18

Impaired motor function
Problems with speech
Memory loss
Disorientation
Stepwise progression with deterioration over time
Cardiovascular disease medications can slow progression

Question 19

what are the signs or symptoms of lewy body dementia

Answer 19

Sleep problems
Memory loss
visual hallucinations
lewy bodies found in nerve cell
Can be treated by acetylcholinesterase inhibitors

Question 20

what are the signs or symptoms of frontotemporal dementia

Answer 20

Communication and speech problems
Behavioural changes
Emotional problems

Question 21

what is the pathology or imaging of Alzheimer’s disease

Answer 21

generalised brain atrophy
Extracellular amyloid plaques
neurofibrillary tangles

Question 22

what is the pathology or imaging of vascular dementia

Answer 22

strokes
Multiple infarcts in minor blood vessels in brain
Usually traced back to cardiovascular disorders

Question 23

what is the pathology or imaging of Lewy body dementia

Answer 23

generalised atrophy
lewy bodies in primary motor cortex nerve cells

Question 24

what is the pathology or imaging of frontotemporal dementia

Answer 24

frontal and temporal nerve cell death due to abnormal proteins present in them.
Linked to genetics

Question 25

what is the cerebral cortex of the brain split into

Answer 25

frontal lobe parietal lobe temporal lobe occipital lobe

Question 26

how can you prevent or slow down progression of dementia

Answer 26

increased physical activity not smoking or drinking Mediterranean diet no obesity social engagement stimulating brain through puzzles

Question 27

what are some post-diagnostic interventions

Answer 27

drug treatment to slow down progression cognitive training, stimulation and rehabilitation physical exercise improving safety at home, grab rails and no tripping hazards

Question 28

Who is part of a multidisciplinary team

Answer 28

Dementia social worker Dietician Carers Occupational therapists Consultant Physiotherapist

Question 29

What makes a patient capable of making a decision

Answer 29

The ability to use and understand information to make a decision and communicate any decision made

Question 30

Who does the Mental Capacity Act apply to

Answer 30

Anyone over the age of 16

Question 31

What is the process of deciding if a patient lacks capacity

Answer 31

Two doctors independently assess a patient and both must agree they lack capacity. If they do then the medical staff should choose the least restrictive option for a patient

Question 32

What are some patients options before losing capacity

Answer 32

Advance statement - non legal list of preferences Advance decision - legally binding list of medical treatment that a patient refuses to have Legal power of attorney - allows another person to make decisions for them if they lose capacity

Question 33

What is the posterior cinglulate cortex responsible for

Answer 33

Orientation

Question 34

What is the hippocampus responsible for

Answer 34

Short term memory

Question 35

What is the thalamus responsible for

Answer 35

Attention