CSIM 1.84: Multisystem disease Flashcards Preview

CSIM 1: Pathology Strand > CSIM 1.84: Multisystem disease > Flashcards

Flashcards in CSIM 1.84: Multisystem disease Deck (9)
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1
Q

What is diabetic ketoacidosis?

A
  • The lack of insulin and corresponding elevation of glucagon leads to increased release of glucose by the liver
    • The absence of insulin also leads to the release of free fatty acids from adipose tissue (lipolysis), which are converted through a process called beta oxidation, again in the liver, into ketone bodies
    • Meanwhile, the predominance of stress hormones, such as glucagon, corticosteroids and catecholamines cause gluconeogenesis and ketogenesis

This results in hyperglycaemic, acidic blood

2
Q

What are the causes and types of diabetes mellitus?

A
  • Type 1 - absolute insulin deficiency
    • Type 2 - resistance + slight deficiency of insulin
    • Chronic pancreatitis or Pancreatectomy
    • Endocrine disease (acromegaly, Cushing’s syndrome, glucagonoma)
    • Drugs (glucocorticoids)
    • Gestational diabetes
3
Q

Describe the factors which can contribute to likelihood of getting type 1 diabetes

A

Genetic susceptibility:
• Class 2 MHC alleles

Environmental factors
• Coxsackie virus

4
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes

A
  • Genetic and environmental (obesity) factors contribute to an insulin resistance
    • Compensatory Beta-cell hyperplasia occurs in the Islets of Langerhans
    • This compensatory mechanism works temporarily and then can fail leading to diabetic symptoms
5
Q

What is metabolic syndrome?

A

Metabolic abnormalities which convey an increased risk of cardiovascular disease:

It is central obesity plus two from:
  •  Raised triglycerides
  •  Reduced HDL
  •  Hypertension
  •  Raised fasting glucose

Affects 20% of the world’s population

6
Q

What type of coma does each type of diabetes have as a complication?

A

Type 1 - ketoacidotic coma

Type 2 - hyperosmolar non-ketotic coma

7
Q

What are the complications of diabetes?

A
  • Diabetic retinopathy
    • Renal failure
    • Neuropathy (patients dont notice cuts or blisters PARTICULARLY ON FEET, so they develop and become infects)
    • Atheroma (CHD, CVD)
8
Q

What causes the complications of diabetes?

A

Hyperglycaemia leads to advanced glycation end products

These form due to reactions between glucose metabolites and amino groups of proteins found in the body

This results in:
• Reduced elasticity
• Protein trapping
• Thickening of capillary basement membranes

9
Q

What are the most common causes of death in diabetes?

A

renal and cardiovascular diseases