CSpoken- Stages

Question 1

Stages of language acquisition

Answer 1

Non verbal
Holophrastic
Two word
Telegraphic
Post telegraphic

Question 2

Ages of the holophrastic stage

Answer 2

12-18 months

Question 3

How does a child speak in the holophrastic stage

Answer 3

Single word utterances

Question 4

Holophrases

Answer 4

Single words which convey complex messages

Question 5

How many words will a child have at the end of the holophrastic stage

Answer 5

Around 50

Question 6

Two word stage ages

Answer 6

18-24 months

Question 7

How does a child speak in the two word stage

Answer 7

Two word utterances

Question 8

Telegraphic stage ages

Answer 8

24-36 months

Question 9

How does a child speak in the telegraphic stage

Answer 9

Three or more word utterances

Question 10

Post telegraphic stage ages

Answer 10

36 months +

Question 11

How does a child speak in the post telegraphic stage

Answer 11

More grammatically complex combinations of words

Question 12

How many words will a child have at the end of the two word stage

Answer 12

Around 200

Question 13

How many words will the child have at the end of the telegraphic stage

Answer 13

Around 2000

Question 14

How many estimated words do children learn a day

Answer 14

10

Question 15

Nelson (1973)

Answer 15

Identified categories of the first words children learn: naming, action, social, and ,modifying

Question 16

Under extension

Answer 16

Applying a label to fewer referents than it should have

Question 17

Over extension

Answer 17

Applying a label to more referents than it should have

Question 18

Rescoria (1980)

Answer 18

Identified three types of overextension: categorical, analogical, and mismatch/predicate statements

Question 19

Categorical overextension

Answer 19

When the hyponym is taken to refer to the hypernym, and is only fixed when other hyponyms are picked up

Question 20

Analogical overextension

Answer 20

Extending a label by connecting the item’s functions, purposes or perceptions

Question 21

Mismatch or predicate statements

Answer 21

Convey some sort of abstract information such as using the word “doll” to refer to a cot which the doll usually sleeps in

Question 22

When do children usually learn the early 8 phonemes

Answer 22

By age 3

Question 23

When do children usually learn the middle 8 phonemes

Answer 23

By age 4/5

Question 24

When do children usually learn the late 8 phonemes

Answer 24

By age 6

Question 25

Reduplication words

Answer 25

Characterised by a repeating syllable to facilitate easier pronunciation

Question 26

Diminutive forms

Answer 26

Reduce the scale of an object using addition of syllables like “y”

Question 27

Addition

Answer 27

Adding an extra vowel to create a CVCV structure

Question 28

Deletion

Answer 28

Simplifying pronunciation by cutting out certain sounds

Question 29

What sounds are usually deleted in deletion

Answer 29

Final consonants, unstressed syllables, consonant clusters

Question 30

Substitution

Answer 30

Swapping out harder to pronounce sounds for easier to pronounce sounds

Question 31

Reduplication words

Answer 31

Different sounds in a word are pronounced the same

Question 32

Bloom (2004)

Answer 32

Argued that noun bias in childhood is due to the large ratio of nouns to other word classes in the dictionary

Question 33

Saxton (2010)

Answer 33

Identified common patterns in the vocab of children less than 18 months such as using “mama”, “dada” and “baby” for family members

Question 34

Brown (1973)

Answer 34

Noted a common set of patterns in two word utterances- one often being a doer, and the other being what is done (eg. “Mummy eat”)

Question 35

Braine (1963)

Answer 35

Identified how children use patterns of two word utterances the seem to revolve around key words- called a ‘pivot schema’

Question 36

Cruttenden (1979)

Answer 36

Divided the acquisition of inflections into 3 stages: Memorisation of words- inflections are correct Awareness of principals- apply regular rules to irregular forms Using correct inflections for all words

Question 37

Acquisition of questions

Answer 37

1. Questions rely on intonation alone 2. Children acquire question words 3. Children begin to use auxiliary verbs and learn to reverse the order of SVO to create a question

Question 38

Acquisition of negatives

Answer 38

1. Dependence on “no” and “not” 2. Begin to use contractions like “don’t” 3. More complex negative forms are used like “didn’t”

Question 39

Pragmatics

Answer 39

The study of the part that language plays in social situations and relationships

Question 40

Halliday (1975)

Answer 40

Identified 7 functions of language in children

Question 41

Halliday’s 7 functions of language

Answer 41

Instrumental, regulatory, interactional, personal, heuristic, imaginative, representational

Question 42

Instrumental language

Answer 42

To express needs

Question 43

Regulatory language

Answer 43

To tell others what to do

Question 44

Interactional language

Answer 44

To make contact with others

Question 45

Personal language

Answer 45

To express feelings, opinions and identity

Question 46

Heuristic language

Answer 46

To gain knowledge about the environment

Question 47

Imaginative language

Answer 47

To tell stories, jokes and create an imaginary environment

Question 48

Representational language

Answer 48

To convey facts and information