CT 1 Flashcards
(195 cards)
1
Q
Which are the important coccidian of chicken?
A
E. maxima, E. tenello
2
Q
Which are the important coccidian of turkey?
A
E. galloparones, E. meleagridis, E. adenoeidea
3
Q
Which are the important coccidian of goose?
A
E. truncata, E. anseris
4
Q
Pathogenesis, clinical signs and treatment of coccidiosis in poultry:
A
Pathogenesis and clinical signs:
Destroy epithelium causing haemorrhage and malabsorption –> decreased production and weight gain –> death.
Treatment:
Coccidiostats, vaccination and sanitation.
5
Q
Trypanosoma brucei is transmitted by:
A
Tse tse fly - Glossina spp.
6
Q
Acute sleeping sickness is caused by:
A
T. rhodesiensis
7
Q
Leishmania causes:
A
Damage of CNS, hyperplasia of cells; skin, mucosa and internal organs damages
8
Q
Which station is salivaria?
A
Anterior
9
Q
Which parasites have hydrogenosomes?
A
Trichomonas spp.
10
Q
What is schizogeny?
A
An asexual reproduction method of protozoa
11
Q
Leishmania reproduces by:
A
binary fission
12
Q
What is the form of Leishmania in the blood?
A
Amastigote form
13
Q
A facultative parasite is an organism that:
A
Does not absolutely depend on the parasite way of life
14
Q
Suffix -idae belongs to:
A
Family
15
Q
Describe the morphology of Trypanosoma:
A
Axoneme, kinetoplast, nucleus, volutin granules, flagellum and undulating membrane
16
Q
Trypanosoma equiperdum development does not depend on:
A
vector
17
Q
Which disease is not transmitted via the mouthparts of the insect?
A
South American trypanosomiasis
18
Q
Visceral leishmaniosis is caused by:
A
L. donovani
L. donovani infantum
L. chagasi
19
Q
Genus Trypanosoma is divided into:
A
Stercoraria and Salivaria
20
Q
Trypanosoma cruzi is part of ……. and causes:
A
Stercoraria, causes Chagas disease
21
Q
Trypanosoma brucei is part of …….., and divided into:
A
Salivaria
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, and rhodensiense
22
Q
Trypanosoma brucei causes:
A
Gambiense: Trypanosomiasis (chronic sleeping sickness) in W. Africa by Glossina spp (vector)
Rhodensiense: Trypanosomiasis (acute sleeping sickness) in E. Africa by Glossina spp.
23
Q
Trypanosoma equiperdum in dog causes and diagnosis:
A
Cause: oedema, skin lesions, pruritus, CNS damage symptoms
Diagnosis: lavage of reproductive tract, puncture of skin lesions
24
Q
Skin form of Leishmania and vectors:
A
L. tropica minor (dry) - Phlebotomus spp
L. tropica major (wet) - Phlebotomus spp.
L. peruviana (dog) - Lutzomyia spp.
L. mexicana complex (rodents) - Lutzomyia spp.
L. brasiliensis complex (mucocutaneous form) - Lutzomyia spp.
25
What are clinical symptoms of Leishmania?
Alopecia and blepharitis, ulcerative nasal mucocutaneous lesions, papular dermatitis, ulcerative lesions on the plantar surface of the paw, onychogryphosis, epistaxis, uveitis, purulent conjunctivitis, popliteal lymphadenomegaly, cachexia - chronic renal failure
26
What is the location of Histomonas meleagridis?
Digestive tract, liver and cecum
27
Where does sporogony of Cryptosporidium occur?
Inside host
28
What is the size of oocyst of Cryptosporidium?
4-6 µm
29
Texas cattle fever is caused by:
Babesia
30
Describe the location of Balatidium coli:
Intestinal tract of arthropods and some vertebrates mainly in pigs and humans
31
Haemoproteus is a parasite of:
Birds
32
Phylum of Trichomonads:
Sarcomastigophora
33
Position of small and large Babesia in erythrocytes:
Large: merozoites located centrally (larger than the radius of RBC)
Small: located in the periphery of the cell (smaller than the radius of RBC)
34
Pathology of Giardia, attachment of the trophozoite causes:
1. Shortening of the villi
2. Inflammation of crypts and lamina propria
3. Lesions of mucosal cells
4. Malabsorption syndrome (steatorrhea)
35
What is the pathology of Cryptosporidium? How is it diagnosed?
Watery acute diarrhoea, serious in young animals.
Diagnosis: finding thick-walled oocyst by faecal sample, carbon fuchsin staining, scrapings from the trachea of birds, ELISA, Abs
36
Pathology of toxoplasma:
Trophozoites directly destroy host cells, especially parenchymal and reticuloendothelial cells.
Lymph node infection, local hypersensitivity, blood vessel blockage, abortions, stillbirth, chorioretinitis, hydrocephalus
37
Pathology of histomonas, where are its lesions?
Lesions in caecum and liver, perforation in caecum and liver, large inflammed caecum, yellow diarrhoea, droopiness and black head.
38
Stages of Histomonas invasion;
1. Invasive stage
2. Vegetative stage
3. Resistant stage
4. Flagellated stage
39
Sarcocystis is transmitted by:
Cysts
40
What is the species responsible for East Coast Fever:
Theileria parva parva
41
Theileria parva bovis is responsible for:
January disease
42
Theileria parva lawrencei cause:
COrridor disease
43
Theileria annulata causes:
Mediterrenean Coast fever
44
Species of Babesia and vectors:
B. bigemina, major, ovata - cattle
B. motasi - small Ru
B. caballi - horses
B. canis - dogs
B. trautmanni - pigs
Vectors: Dermacentor reticulatus, Ixodes ricinus, Boophilus, Rhidicephalus, Hyalomma
45
What genera is Encephalitozoon cuniculi?
Microsporida
46
What are the differences between Tachyzoites and Bradyzoites of toxoplasma gondii?
Motile coccidians:
* Tachyzoites divide fast, are found in pseudocysts
* Bradyzoites divide slower because of antibody effect, found in tissue cyst
47
Leucocytozoon simondi is a parasite of what kind of host?
Birds
48
Eimeria stiedae, host and location:
Rabbit - bile duct and liver
49
Neosporium caninum (Sarcocystidae) life cycle and pathogenesis
Oocyst from dog to environment --> Bo ingest sporulated oocyst and release tachyzoites --> penetrate epithelium and migrate to tissues --> bradyzoites --> cysts --> tachyzoites through placenta --> dog eat infected maternal placenta --> sexual reproduction in intestine
Pathology: intermediate host (Eq, Bo) - abortion
50
What is the cause of neonatal diarrhoea in pigs?
Isospora suis
51
Phlebotomae and Lutzomyia are vectors of:
Leishmania - sandfly
52
What diphteria are vectors of Trypanosoma equiperdum?
none. it transmits by intercourse.
53
Tritrichomonas foetus has how many flagella?
3 anterior and 1 posterior flagella
54
How do you diagnose giardiasis?
Aspiration from duodenum and sample of faeces by flotation method according to Faust every 3 days
55
What is the vector of Trypanosoma?
Glossina spp. (tse tse fly)
56
Where does gametogony of Babesia occur?
Formation of gamonts in mammalian RBC. Gametogony in intestinal cell of tick.
57
What causes blackhead disease?
Histomonas meleagridis
58
In which form is Babesia found in vertebrate?
Sporozoite, merozoite and gamont
59
Where does sporogeny occur in Eimeria?
Outside host, in environment (depend on temperature, humidity and O2)
60
How to diagnose Trichomonas?
By clinical signs, agent identification and serological tests.
T. gallinae - swap of oesophageus from pigeons
T. foetus - swab from vagina in first few days. Bull = examination of sperm. Abortion = examination of amniotic fluid.
61
What is intravital diagnosis of sarcocysts?
Biopsy of specimens and serological tests
62
What does pseudocysts contain?
Tachyzoites
63
Where does Histomonas reproduce?
First at the caeca and then liver
64
Where is the flagellated form of Histomonas?
Inside the lumen of the caeca
65
The ending for order is:
-ida
66
The final host of Sarcocysts is:
carnivores
67
The final host of Neospora is:
Dog
68
The sporogeny of the Sarcocystis is:
In the lamina propria of the final host
69
How many flagella are in Trichomonas foetus?
4 anterior flagella, one of them extended backwards
70
How does Trypanosoma move?
By a single flagellum
71
Which station is salivaria?
Anterior
72
Trichomonas foetus is transmitted by:
Infected bulls
73
Giardia intestinalis is located:
extracellularly
74
Which organelles does not belong to apical complex?
Mitochondrian
75
Sporogony is:
Asexual proliferation phase of most coccidians
76
Gamogony of Toxoplasma gondii occurs in the small intestine of:
Cats
77
Cryptosporidium baileyi occurs in:
Poultry
78
The vector of human Plasmodium is:
Anopheles
79
Schizogony of Theileria spp. occurs in:
Ingestion of tick
80
To which order does Giardia belong to?
Order Dipmomadida
81
Where is the flagellated form of Histomonas?
Inside the lumen of the caeca
82
What is the best idenfitication method for Giardia intestinalis?
Idenfitication of the cyst or trophozoite using flotation method according to Faust - 33% ZnSO2 solution
83
Mention the basic taxonomical units:
Phylum (-a) - Class - Order (-ida) - Family (-idae) - Genus - Species
84
The basic systematic unit is:
Species
85
Describe types of parasitism:
Facultative - does not absolutely depend on parasitic way of life
Obligatory - completely dependant on the host during parts or all of its life
Accidental parasite - when a parasite attacks an unnatural host and survives
Erratic parasite - when a parasite wanders into an organ in which it is usually not found
86
What is schizogeny?
Asexual reprouction
87
Describe asexual ways of reprodduction:
Binary fission: one cell divides into two daughter cells
Schizogony: nucleus divides several times before cytoplasm starts to divide - merozont/schizont (dividing cell) + merozoite/schizoite (daughter cell)
Budding: portions of a parent cell differentiate and develop into one individual
Endogeny: mother cell splits into two daughter cells
88
Sexual reproduction:
Two gametes fuse into zygote, and then sporogony (division of zygote into many sporozoites)
89
Decribe infection grades:
+ up to 5 eggs per drop
++ up to 10 eggs per drop
+++ over 10 eggs per drop
90
How do you do direct microscopic examination method?
Small quantity of faeces on a microscopical slide + drop of water and mix.
Cover slip and examine.
91
Describe flotation method:
3g sample + 15-20 ml water into semisolid suspension.
Filter and pour into a 15 ml centrifugation tube.
Centrifuge 2 min at 2500 rpm.
Discard supernatant.
Add flotation solution to 1/3 of tube.
Resuspend sediment.
Centrifuge 2 min at 2500 rpm.
Pick up 3 drops using parasitic loop --> glass slide and microscope
92
Faust method:
33% ZnSO4, gravity 1.18 to check for protozoans of carnivores.
93
Kozak-magna:
Gravity 1.24 for cestode and nematode eggs of Ru, Eq, Su and rodents
94
Breza method:
Gravity 1.3 for cestode and nematode eggs of Ru, Eq, Su and rodents
95
Digestive method:
15 g of fresh meat + 40 ml digestive solution in electric mixer.
Digest for 30 min.
Filtrate into 4 tubes.
Centrifuge 5 min at 1000 rpm.
Remove supernatant.
Mix sediment from all tubes into one tube.
Centrifuge for 2 min at 1000 rpm.
Remove supernatant.
Take 2-3 drops of sediment on glass slide.
Cover with a cover slip and examine in microscope.
96
Incubation time:
Time between infection and manifestation of disease symptom
97
Prepatent period:
Time from infective stage of parasite enters host to observation of eggs in hosts faeces
98
Bionomics:
Study of external requirements (temp, humidity, nutrition, pH) for survival and efficacy of organism/parasite
99
Cysts are:
when parasite forms a thick wall around itself to become more resistant
100
Pseudoparasite is:
an ingested organism that resemble a parasite
101
A spore is:
a unit of sexual or asexual reprouction
102
Trophozoite is:
vegetative, motile stage of protozoa
103
Spurious parasite:
Parasite egg/cyst from another species found in the faeces of predator/scavenger (not true parasite)
104
What is a kinetoplast?
An organ containig DNA in the order Kinetoplastida
105
Morphology of Trypanosoma:
Axoneme, kinetoplast, flagellar pocket, undulating membrane, flagellum, nucleus, mitochondria, volutin granules
106
Describe developmental stages of Trypanosoma:
Amastigote: oval, no flagellum
Promastigote: elongated shape, kinetoplast in front of nucleus, flagellum
Epimastigote: undulating membrane
Trypomastigote: kinetoplast behind nucleus, undulating membrane, flagellum
107
Differences between Stercoraria and Salivaria trypanosomosis:
## Footnote
Finish life cycle, transmission, location, reservoir host
Stercoraria:
* FInish life cycle in caudal part of GIT
* Transmission in faeces by vector
* Macrophages, epithelial cells, muscle cells and neurons
* Reservoir host is armadillo, raccoon, opossum, su, ca and fel
Salivaria:
* Finish life cycle in front part of GIT
* Transmission by sucking of blood (tse tse fly, horsefly) and mechanically (T. equiperdum)
* Extracellularly, plasma, lymph, CS liquid
* Reservoir host is rodents, ru, ca, and fel
108
Trypanosoma equiperdum is transmitted:
Dourine by coitus (not vector)
109
Diagnosis of Trypanosoma equiperdum:
## Footnote
Symptoms,diagnosis, pathologies
Symptoms: oedema, skin lesions, pruritus and CNS damage symptoms.
Microscopy: lavage of reproductive tract, puncture of skin lesions (movement).
Serology - ELISA, CFT, IFaA
Path.anatomy: anaemia, cachexia, skin lesions, genitalia
110
Trypanosoma belongs to which order?
Trypanosomatida
111
How many free flagella does Trypanosoma have?
1 or none, depending on developmental stage
112
What stage of T. cruzii multiplies in vertebrate host?
Amastigote
113
Who does not have mitochondria?
Diplomonadidae
Trichomonadidae
Trichomonas, trypanosomas, giardia (hydrogenosome)
114
T. cruzii belongs to:
## Footnote
Stercoraria or salivaria?
Stercoraria (posterior) station group
115
Giardia intestinalis (duodenalis) belongs to order:
Diplomonadida
116
Giardia duodenalis is located:
Small intestine extracellularly
117
Giardia form of transmission:
Water and food containing cysts (faecal-oral)
118
Number of flagella in Giardia:
8
119
Key factors of the cyst in Giardia:
Oval
4 nuclei
Anterior end
Axostyle
Cell wall
Karyosome
8-14 x 6-10 µm
Faeces
120
Name two forms of Giardia:
1. Trophozoites = vegetative stage
* pear-shape, duodenum and jejenum, adhesive disc
2. Cyst = infective stage
121
How does Giardia reproduce?
Binary fission
122
Pathogenicity of Eimeria and clinical signs:
Pathogenicity:
Changes in intestinal mucous membrane, severeness depends on the concentration of parasites and length of invasion of mucosa.
E. tenella in mucosa or submucosa can cause severe damage and bleeding. Local impairment of food adsorption.
E. acervulina damage villi --> flattened, adsorption of nutrients decrease. Sporozoite penetrate epithelium --> schizont.
CLinical signs: less appetite, anorexic, listless, dullness, haemorrhagic diarrhoea
123
In chicken, Eimeria causes changes in:
E. tenella - caecum
E. necatrix - small intestine and caecum
124
Diagnosis of Eimeriosis is based on examination of:
Faeces by flotation method.
Scraping of epithelial layer of the gut.
125
Place of sporogony in Eimeria and Isospora:
Eimeria: outside host in faeces, in the environment
Isospora: can have dormant stages in liver where it forms cyst (in paratenic host)
126
How many sporocysts are in Eimeria and Isospora?
Eimeria: 4 sporocysts + 2 sporozoites
Isospora: 2 sporocysts + 4 sporozoites
127
Sample for intravital diagnosis of Isospora are taken from:
faeces using flotation method
128
Phylum of Trichomonads:
Parabasala
129
How to diagnose Trichomonas:
By clinical signs, agent identification, serological tests
T. foetus: lavage of reproductive tract, vaginal and preputial samples (PBS, saline)
Bull = sperm and preputial sac. Abortion = amniotic fluid.
T. gallinae = swab of crop of pigeons
130
Which group of protozoa produces an axostyle?
Order Trichomonadidae
131
Form of transmission of Trichomonas foetus:
Intercourse, artificial examination, gynecological examination
132
Host of Trichomonas foetus:
Large ruminants (cows)
133
Principle host of Trichomonas gallinae:
Pigeon, chicken, turkey, wild birds
134
What is the form of reproduction in family Trichomonadidae?
Longitudinal binary fission
135
Intravital diagnosis of Trichomonosis in pigeons:
Lesions of upper gastrointestinal tract: mouth, pharynx, oesophageus, crop and proventriculus
136
Pathology of histomonas and its lesions:
Necrotic lesions in caecum and liver, perforation in caecum and liver, large inflamed caecum, yellow diarrhoea, droopiness and black head.
Invasive stage - Vegetative - Resistant - Flagellated
137
How is Histomonas transmitted?
In the eggs of the caecal worm: Heterakis gallinarum (vector)
138
Morphology of sporulated oocysts of Cryptosporida:
They contain 4 free sporozoites
139
Clinical signs of C. parvum:
Anorexia, diarrhoea, reduced growth, malabsorption
140
Species of Cryptosporidium in poultry and mammals:
Poultry: C. baileyi (chicken), C. meleagridis (turkey)
Mammals: C. parvum, C. muris
Reptiles: C. crotali
Fish: C. nasorum
141
Intermediate host of Sarcocystis tenella (S. ovicanis) is:
Sheep
142
Prepatent period of Sarcocystis:
## Footnote
Duration
FInal host: 7-9 days
Intermediate host: 2-3 months
143
Sporogony of Sarcocystis occurs:
In lamina propria of final host intestine, which gives parasite enough oxygen to develop
144
Sarcocystis with cattle as intermediate host:
S. bovicanis
S. bovifelis
S. bovihominis
145
Morphology of sporocyst of Sarcocystis:
2 sporocysts with 4 sporozoites each
146
Sample for diagnosis of Sarcocystis species in carnivores:
In carnivore faeces and ruminant muscle
147
What is intravital diagnosis of Sarcocysts?
Biopsy of specimens, flotation method
148
Sarcocystidae bovicanis is which disease?
Deelmany disease
149
Reproduction of Sarcocystis species in muscle by cystis called:
Endogeny: merozoite penetrate muscle cell and induce formation of a tissue cyst, within the cyst parasites reproduce by endogeny and create 1000 bradyzoites.
Endopolygeny --> 100 merozoites from schizonts first stage.
150
Another name of S. bovicanis:
S. cruzi
151
Another name of S. bovihominis:
S. hirsute
152
Another name of S. ovicanis:
S. tenella
153
Another name of S. equicanis:
S. bertrami
154
Another name of S. capracanis:
S. moulei
155
Final host of Toxoplasma gondii life cycle:
Cats
156
Intermediate host of Toxoplasma gondii life cycle:
Dogs + mammals, birds and humans
157
What is the size of oocyst of Toxoplasma gondii?
12µm
158
Bradyzoites divide by:
endodygony
159
Gametogony of T. gondii occurs in the small intestine of:
carnivores (felidae)
160
How is human infected by toxoplasma?
Ingestion of sporulated oocysts (cat faeces)
Ingestion of zoites (undercooked meat)
Congenital infection (only during acute stage)
Organ transplants (chronic infection in donor due to immunosuppression)
Blood transfusions (only during acute stage)
161
Neospora caninum occurs in which species and what are the clinical signs?
Dog and cattle
Hind leg paralysis and abortion in cattle
162
Neosporium caninum pathogenesis:
Oocyst from dog to environment
--> ingestion by intermediate host (Bo) and tachyzoites released
--> penetrate epitheloum and migrate to tissues - bradyzoites
--> Cysts
--> Tachyzoites through placenta - congenital
--> dog eat infected placenta --> sexual reproduction in intestine
163
What is the host of Babesia?
Intermediate: vertebral (all domestic animals)
Final: invertebral (hard ticks)
164
Babesia major vector:
Haemphysalis punctata
165
B. motasi host:
Sheep and goat
166
B. divergens host and vector:
Host: cattle and humans
Vector: ixodes ricinus
167
Species of Babesia in cattle:
B. bigemina, B. major, B. divergens, B. ovata, B. occultans, B. beliceri
168
B. caballi host:
Horses
169
B. canis host:
Dogs
170
B. trautmanni host:
Pigs
171
Texas cattle fever is caused by:
Babesia bovis and B. bigemina
172
Size of Babesia:
Small: 1-1.25 µm
Large: 2.5-5 µm
173
Babesia is a parasite of:
Intraerythrocytic in domestic animals
174
Schizogony of Theileria spp. occurs in:
Lymphocytes
175
Theileria is found in which animals?
Ruminants
176
Plasmodium, Haemoproteus and Leucocytozoon from family Plasmodidae causes:
Avian malaria in domestic and wild birds
177
Most common Plasmodium and which is a pathogen?
P. vivax is most common
P. falciparum is most pathogenic
178
Most common vector of Plasmodium:
Anopheles spp. and Culex spp.
179
Name species of Leucocytozoon and vectors:
L. simondi - duck, geese
L. smithi - turkey
L. naevi - fowl
L. cauleryi, sabrasezi - chicken
Vector: Simuliidae
180
Genus Leucocytozoon causes:
Hepatomegaly, splenomegaly
181
Haemoproteus columbae - vector and pathogenesis:
Vector: Hypoboscidae, biting midges
Pathologies:
Ec decay, anaemia, hypertrophy of liver and spleen
182
Name pathology caused by Plasmodium praecox, gallinaceum and juxtanucleare:
Fever, splenomegaly and anaemia
183
Describe the location of Balatidium coli:
Intestinal tract of arthropods and some vertebrates mainly pigs and humans
184
Haemoproteus is a parasite of:
birds
185
Hepatozoon canis is transmitted by:
ingestion of tick
186
3 main types of parasites:
Protozoans
Helminths
Arthropods
187
Name types of parasitism:
Commensalism --> commensal benefit from the host without harming it
Mutualism --> organisms advantage, but without interdependence
Symbiose -->
Parasitism
188
Ectoparasites vs endoparasites:
Ecto - infestation
Endo - infection
189
Types of host spectrum:
Monoxenic parasites: 1 obligatory host species
Heteroxenic: several obligatory hosts/intermediate hosts
190
Define hyper parasitism:
A parasite infect another parasite
191
Define parasitiasis:
association between 2 organism but the pathogenic one does not cause outward signs of disease
192
Define parasitosis:
one organism injure the other and cause outward signs of disease
193
Paratenic host is a:
Transport host
194
What criteria do you determine in lab?
Size:
* small --> 60 µm, medium 60-100 µm, large 100,1-200 µm, XL over 200,1 µm
Shape
* symmetrical, asymmetrical, ovoid, oval, elliptic, pherical, sub-spherical
Shell structure
* thickness, number, special structures, 2 thin shells
Internal structure
* sporulated/unsporulated, nuclei, spores, cysts
Colour
195
