CU6

Question 1

What is a High-Risk Neonate?

Answer 1

A newborn with a higher-than-average risk of morbidity or mortality due to factors beyond the normal events of birth and adjustment to extrauterine life.

Question 2

What is the High-Risk Period?

Answer 2

It begins at the time of viability (approximately 24 weeks gestation) and extends up to 28 days after birth.

Question 3

Why is early intervention important in high-risk newborn care?

Answer 3

Prompt assessment and intervention in life-threatening perinatal emergencies are crucial for a successful outcome.

Question 4

What defines Low-birthweight (LBW)?

Answer 4

Birth weight less than 2500 grams (5.5 lbs).

Question 5

What defines Very low-birthweight (VLBW)?

Answer 5

Birth weight less than 1500 grams (3.3 lbs).

Question 6

What defines Extremely low-birthweight (ELBW)?

Answer 6

Birth weight less than 1000 grams (2.2 lbs).

Question 7

What is Appropriate-for-gestational-age (AGA)?

Answer 7

Weight between the 10th and 90th percentiles for gestational age.

Question 8

What is Small-for-gestational age (SGA)?

Answer 8

Birth weight below the 10th percentile for gestational age.

Question 9

What is Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR)?

Answer 9

Restricted growth in the womb.

Question 10

What is Large-for-gestational age (LGA)?

Answer 10

Birth weight above the 90th percentile for gestational age.

Question 11

What defines a Preterm infant?

Answer 11

Born before 37 weeks of gestation.

Question 12

What defines a Full-term infant?

Answer 12

Born between 38 and 42 weeks of gestation.

Question 13

What defines a Post-term infant?

Answer 13

Born after 42 weeks of gestation.

Question 14

What is Neonatal death?

Answer 14

Death within the first 27 days of life.

Question 15

What is Perinatal mortality?

Answer 15

Fetal and early neonatal deaths per 1000 live births.

Question 16

What is the focus of the initial assessment of a high-risk newborn?

Answer 16

Cardiopulmonary and neurologic functions, including Apgar score and evaluation for congenital anomalies.

Question 17

What does a thorough physical assessment include?

Answer 17

General, respiratory, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, neurologic-musculoskeletal, temperature, and skin assessments.

Question 18

What are the characteristics of preterm infants?

Answer 18

Small size, thin appearance, large head, smooth skin, abundant lanugo, soft cartilage, few creases, inactive.

Question 19

What are the physiological immaturities in preterm infants?

Answer 19

Temperature instability, limited solute excretion, increased susceptibility to infection, respiratory difficulties, hyperbilirubinemia, hypoglycemia, fluid and electrolyte imbalance.

Question 20

What management is required for preterm infants?

Answer 20

NICU admission, resuscitation if needed, IV access, oxygen therapy, and other interventions.

Question 21

What are the characteristics of post-term infants?

Answer 21

Absence of lanugo, little vernix caseosa, abundant scalp hair, long fingernails, cracked skin, wasted appearance, stained vernix caseosa.

Question 22

What are the risks associated with post-term infants?

Answer 22

Fetal distress, macrosomia, meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS).

Question 23

What is the management for post-term infants?

Answer 23

Careful monitoring for signs of distress and support for potential complications.

Question 24

What defines a Small-for-Gestational Age (SGA) infant?

Answer 24

Birth weight below the 10th percentile for gestational age.

Question 25

What are the causes of SGA?

Answer 25

IUGR, inadequate nutrition, placental anomalies, maternal diseases, smoking, drug use, intrauterine infections, chromosomal abnormalities.

Question 26

What are the characteristics of an SGA infant?

Answer 26

Wasted appearance, small liver, poor skin turgor, large head, widely separated skull sutures, dull hair, sunken abdomen, dry umbilical cord, alert and active.

Question 27

What management is required for SGA infants?

Answer 27

Monitoring for hypoglycemia, managing polycythemia, supportive care for complications.

Question 28

What defines a Large-for-Gestational Age (LGA) infant?

Answer 28

Birth weight above the 90th percentile for gestational age.

Question 29

What are the causes of LGA?

Answer 29

Overproduction of growth hormone in utero, often associated with maternal diabetes or obesity, multiparity, genetic conditions, congenital anomalies.

Question 30

What are the characteristics of an LGA infant?

Answer 30

May appear healthy but with immature development, large head, bruising, birth injuries, potential for complications.

Question 31

What management is required for LGA infants?

Answer 31

Close monitoring for hyperbilirubinemia, hypoglycemia, and cardiac issues, support for potential complications.

Question 32

What is the first step in maintaining respirations for high-risk newborns?

Answer 32

Establishing and maintaining airway, expanding lungs, initiating and maintaining ventilation, cardiac massage if needed.

Question 33

What is the role of supplemental oxygen in high-risk newborn care?

Answer 33

Often required to support breathing.

Question 34

What is the purpose of maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance?

Answer 34

To prevent dehydration and restore glucose levels.

Question 35

What is the significance of maintaining thermoneutrality?

Answer 35

To prevent cold stress and minimize metabolic demand.

Question 36

What is the preferred milk source for preterm infants?

Answer 36

Breast milk.

Question 37

What is the management for respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)?

Answer 37

Oxygen therapy, continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), mechanical ventilation, acid-base balance, neutral thermal environment, fluid and electrolyte management, surfactant administration.

Question 38

What is meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS)?

Answer 38

Aspiration of meconium into the lungs during delivery.

Question 39

What are the signs and symptoms of neonatal sepsis?

Answer 39

Vague, nonspecific symptoms, may include lethargy, poor feeding, temperature instability, respiratory distress, apnea, jaundice, seizures.

Question 40

What is hyperbilirubinemia?

Answer 40

Excess bilirubin in the blood, causing jaundice.

Question 41

What is necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC)?

Answer 41

Inflammation and death of intestinal tissue, primarily in premature infants.

Question 42

What is retinopathy of prematurity (ROP)?

Answer 42

Abnormal blood vessel growth in the retina of premature infants.

Question 43

What is hemolytic disease of the newborn?

Answer 43

Destruction of red blood cells due to blood type incompatibility.

Question 44

What is transient tachypnea of the newborn (TTN)?

Answer 44

Short-lived rapid breathing in full-term or late preterm infants.

Question 45

What is Down Syndrome?

Answer 45

Most common chromosomal abnormality, causing intellectual disability and developmental delays.