CUE Flashcards
(26 cards)
Urbanisation
Increase in the proportion of the population living in town’s/cities
Suburbanisation
Decentralisation of people/employment/services towards edges of urban area- linked to urban sprawl
Counterurbanisation
population movement from large urban areas to smaller urban settlements + rural areas
-due to push factors of the city + pull of rural life
Urban resurgence
population movement from rural back to urban areas
-associated with upwardly mobile young people
-sometimes causes revival of inner-city + CBD areas
Urban development corporations: 1979-1990
-agencies created by gov, using money from private sector to restore derelict areas
-first established in 1981 in London Docklands + Liverpool
—London Docklands- to attract businesses/improve env/create jobs/houses for professionals
-by 1993- 12 UDCs established- redeveloping some of most rundown areas of country but criticised for ignoring needs of local residents
Enterprise Zones: 1981- present
-in areas with high unemployment
-attract start-up companies to create jobs- with incentives e.g. tax reductions
-by 1990- > 5k companies + employing > 125k people
-but < effective as many existing companies moved to the enterprise zones due to the incentives- limiting new jobs created
City Challenge: 1991-1997
-Local authorities competed for gov funding to regenerate deprived urban areas
-worked with local community/private companies to improve physical/economic/social env
-funding allocated to projects benefitting local community
-by 1997- > 50k jobs created + 40k houses improved
-but many deprived areas = X funding as unable to win competition that they deserved the help
Partnership Schemes: 2010- present
-gov worked with private companies to provide financial support + expertise for urban regeneration
-improve physical/economic/social conditions in deprived areas e.g. sports centres/reducing unemployment/building new homes
-e.g. Liverpool City Region Local Enterprise Partnerships (2012)- increase business activity in Liverpool + create new jobs
Urban form definition + 2 models of urban form
-Physical characteristics that make up a city, including the size, shape, pop density, arrangement of the city
2 models:
-Burgess model (HICs)
—CBD, factories/industrial, low class residential (old inner city), medium class residential, high class residential (suburbs)
-Hoyt model (LICs)
—CBD, high cost housing surrounding, periferia (older, informal housing), industry- along transport routes
Factors affecting urban form
Physical
-topography
-water
-natural resources
-land type
Human
-planning
-infrastructure
-land value
-in developed countries land value is higher in the city but house value increases with distance away
-in developing countries the housing decreases in value away from the city centre
Town centre mixed development
-mixed land use- residential, commercial + leisure uses combined
-attract people back
-planned by councils
-e.g. Longbridge in Birmingham- largest regeneration outside of London- positives = rebrand, creates sense of place, improve from deindustrialisation - negatives = takes time to complete + impacts to be felt
Cultural + Heritage Quarters
-focus on history + character of city- theatres, air galleries, historical buildings
-developed by councils to regenerate old industrial areas
-e.g. Cardiff = invested into docklands into a Doctor Who experience- tourist + leisure developments
-negative = focuses on tourists
Fortress Developments
-developments with lots of security + permission to enter
-often in suburban areas of large cities
-e.g. Bow Quarter, East London = 19 houses, 714 apartments, CCTV, key fobs, security guards
-although its safe, it promotes segregation- divides the rich + poor
Edge cities
-self-contained settlements- emerged beyond original city, now city in their own right e.g. LA- has > 20 edge cities
-result of urban sprawl
-develop close to roads, airports, businesses
-wealthy move there, leaving the disadvantaged behind -> decline in the original city
Gentrified areas
-gentrification = wealthier people move into rundown inner city areas + regenerate them
-regenerates inner city areas + have a large range of services
-also cause the positive multiplier effect
-e.g. Hackney- 2010 = most deprived borough in London, improved businesses + housing, 2018 = largest increase in average house prices in UK
-but displaces poorer residents
How can cultural diversity lead to benefits + issues in cities?
-can increase a city’s character
-can cause tensions between groups -> violence
-increased pressure on services e.g. schools
-minorities can feel isolated + under-represented
-may cause social segregation- particular ethnic groups concentrated in certain areas of a city
-lack of integration- can have negative impacts
Microclimate
Small-scale variations of precipitation, humidity, wind speed + evaporation that occur in a particular environment e.g. urban area
How are urban heat islands created?
1) Absorption of heat by urban surfaces = absorb + store heat, slowly release it (mostly noticeable at night)
2) Air pollution = increases cloud cover, creates ‘pollution dome’
3) Heat from human activity
4) Less evapotranspiration = little surface water as removed by drainage systems
Precipitation, wind + fog in urban areas
Precipitation:
-higher frequency + more intense in urban areas
-UHI- creates > warm air with moisture -> convectional uplift -> convectional rainfall
-dust/pollution creates > condensation nuclei- > precipitation
Fog:
- > with industrialisation
-particles act as condensation nuclei
Wind:
-venturi effect = wind velocities increase when air flows through an increasingly narrow gap -> more in cities
Impacts + responses to microclimates- London + Dubai
London:
-temps are 4.5 degrees > than surrounding rural areas + UHI is significantly hotter at night -> overheating all year round
-Kilburn/South Hempstead has 38% vegetation cover- temps 7 degrees hotter than nearby Regent’s Park with 89% vegetation cover
-causing health problems e.g. heatstroke + mental health problems among vulnerable groups e.g. those with pre-existing health conditions
-2022 after extreme temps + wildfires -> Mayor pledged £3.1 mil to planting trees
-roofs designed to cool report -> suggesting that reflective roofs would be effective
Dubai:
-summer = can reach nearly 50 degrees + 100% humidity
-impact on health e.g. dehydration, escalating existing health conditions
-using fake rain (pluviculture) -> drones send out jolt of electricity -> with correct characteristics causes rain droplets to stick together -> fall as rain
What are SUDS?
Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems
-imitate natural drainage systems- decrease urban water issues
-more sustainable as work with natural env
SUDS example = Enfield
-area is heavily urbanised -> increased surface run off/channel flow -> increased pollutants in rivers, water pollution from domestic sources
-2012 = project to restore rivers in the area- to reduce flow risk/surface runoff + provide more habitats
-created vegetated trenches, rain planters in schools to collect rainwater, constructed wetlands to improve water quality
-lots of groups involved = Defra + Thames Water (giving funding), local residents (positive reactions from community), local schools (increasing engagement)
-has seemed to reduce flood risk
Waste in HICs compared to LICs
-on avg, people in HICs produce 10-30x > waste than those in LICs
— > disposable income
—globalisation
—population increase
—increase in global wealth
—increase in packaging levels
-but waste produced globally is growing exponentially
Ways of managing urban waste
-unregulated
-recycling
-incineration
-recovery (using waste instead of new products)
-burial/landfill
-submergence
-trade
