CUE - All Quizing Q’s Flashcards
1
Q
What proportion of the world`s population live in urban areas? What % is this expected to be by 2050
A
66%
2
Q
Where are the fastest growing urban areas in the world?
A
In Asia and Africa
3
Q
What are the 2 causes of urbanisation
A
- Natural population increase
- Rural to urban migration
4
Q
List 3 push factors
A
- Population growth
- Agricultural problems
- Natural disasters
5
Q
Name 3 pull factors
A
- Higher employment
- Better quality social provisions
- Perceived better quality of life
6
Q
Identify 3 negative impacts of urban sprawl
A
- One of the leading causes for wildlife habitat loss
- Can increase flood risk
- Decentralisation of economic activities which is often the cause for a decline in the city centre
7
Q
What is the main impact of urban sprawl in LIC cities?
A
Informal housing e.g favelas
8
Q
How many people are estimated to be living in informal settlements (UN 2013)?
A
863 million
9
Q
List 3 strategies to improve informal settlements
A
- Eradicate slums
- Self-help schemes
- Site and service schemes
10
Q
In terms of housing in HIC cities, what is the main problem?
A
Lack of affordable homes
11
Q
List 3 other problems resulting from urban growth
A
- Lack of urban services and waste disposal
- Unemployment,underemployment
- Transport issues
12
Q
Give 3 reasons why suburbanisation occurs
A
- Desire to escape from declining, polluted inner city
- Improvements in transport networks
- Increaseincarownership
13
Q
Describe the time scale and characteristics of suburbanisation in HIC towns
A
- 1930s: Few planning controls led to urban growth along main roads, Ribbon Development, causing Urban Sprawl.
- 1940s: Green Belts introduced to limit expansion.
- 1950s–60s: Planned suburban growth with large council estates on Greenfield sites; some became ‘sink’ estates.
- 1970s: More home ownership led to private estates on rural-urban fringe, with gardens, garages, and cleaner air.
- 1980s+: Continued suburban housing, local shops, retail/leisure parks, and schools; Green Belt under threat.
14
Q
Give 3 causes of counter- urbanisation
A
- People want to escape the air pollution, dirt and crime of the urban environment to perceived” clean, quiet rural areas.
- Car ownership and greater affluence allow people to commute to work for these areas.
- Improvements in technology allows working from home.
15
Q
What is a rural turnaround?
A
This is social and demographic change in rural areas
16
Q
List 3 of the changes from the rural turnaround
A
- Outmigration of young village-born adults seeking education & employment opportunities elsewhere
- In-migration of couples or families with young children
- In-migration of younger, more affluent people which results in increased house prices
17
Q
What are the 3 causes of urban resurgence?
A
- Gentrification and regeneration schemes have made city living more attractive.
- Some cities reinvent themselves as cities of culture and commerce e.g. London, Manchester and Leeds. This process has resulted in changing the urban landscapes.
- Resurgence can be driven by government-led regeneration schemes and major sporting events e.g. 2012 London Olympics
18
Q
List one positive and negative about the impact of urban resurgence?
A
- Positive: multiplier effect leading to further investment
- Negative: increasing inequality
19
Q
What is characteristics of mega cities and meta cities
A
They dominate national and regional economies of countries: with MNC headquarters, skilled workers and good transport links
20
Q
List the 4 hubs which characterises a world city
A
- Business, transport, trade
- Production
- Politics
- Migration
21
Q
World cities can be seen as a hierarchy. What is an Alpha++ city and name 2
A
More integrated than all the other cities and constitute their own high level of integration
London, New York
22
Q
List 3 negative impacts of Deindustrialisation & categorise them
A
- Economic: Loss of jobs
- Social: increasing unemployment
- Environmental: dereliction
23
Q
What is the service economy?
A
Tertiary & Quaternary activities
24
Q
Give 3 reasons for the rise in the service economy
A
• Financial services are needed to support manufacturing industries
• As societies become more technologically sophisticated, they need a larger range of specialised services
• As societies become wealthier, they demand more leisure and retail services.
25
List 4 physical factors in urban forms
- Topography
- Water
- Natural resources
- Type of land
26
List 3 human factors in urban forms
- Planning
- Infrastructure
- Land value
27
Today which factors are more important today for urban form
Human
28
What does PLVI stand for and what does it mean?
The Peak Land Value Intersection. This is the point with the highest land values. Land values decline away from it
29
How has the bid-rent model changed?
Secondary land value peaks have occurred e.g. with increasing car ownership
30
Describe the pattern of land use in LIC cities
• Developing world cities also have CBDs
• The CBD is surrounded by housing, which decreases in value with distance from the centre.
• Land value is highest around the city centre,
• Surrounding the high cost housing there is often a zone of medium-cost housing. It may have started as an informal settlement, but gradually the housing has been improved and some services have been provided.
• Land values is very low on the outskirts of cities, so low- cost and informal housing is built there
• Industrial areas are often located along transport links e.g. major roads.
31
List 3 characteristics of Town Centre Mixed Development
• Wider range of leisure facilities e.g. cinemas, theatres, cafes, wine bars (Café Culture) cultural and meeting places attracting a wider range of people
• Availability of spaces e.g. gardens, squares, plazas: for people watching
• Developing flagship attractions
32
Example of Town centre mixed development
South bank Leeds
33
What is good about Cultural and Heritage quarters?
They are often developed by local councils to regenerate former industrial areas. They attract visitors, encouraging economic development and creating jobs.
34
Example of Cultural and Heritage quarters
Tetley and Brewery Wharf, Leeds
35
5 causes of gentrification
• The Rent Gap: situation when the price of property has fallen below its real value, so there is a gap between actual and potential price. Such properties are attractive to individuals who can renovate them
• Commuting costs are reduced/removed
• The Pioneer image: the trend of creative individuals, e.g. artists/ designers moving into more “edgy” vibrant arts neighbourhoods.
• Support of government and local decision makers
• Changing composition of households – many cities have single or 2 person households without children – these are more likely to see the benefits of inner city living
36
2 disadvantages of gentrified areas
• People on low income cannot afford the higher property prices/rentals
• Loss of business for original low order services
37
List 2 advantages of gentrified areas
• Physical environment will be improved
• Employment opportunities e.g. higher order services
38
Give examples of gentrified areas In Leeds and Rio
- Leeds: Hyde Park & Headingley
- Rio: Vidigal
39
How do gated communities reduce crime?
• Greater used of CCTV
• Railings and fencing around private spaces
• “Mosquito” alarms which emit a high-pitched sound heard only by young people to discourage loitering around buildings
• Effective use of street lighting
• Speed bumps to prevent joyriding
40
What do the critics say about edge cities?
Critics link edge cities to extreme social segregation where the wealthy have moved to the new suburban settlements leaving the poor and disadvantages sector of society within the original city boundary
41
Example of an edge city
Barra da Tijuca in the West Zone in Rio
42
Is economic inequality higher in HICs or LICs?
LIC cities as they lack resources to provide basic services and income
43
Why does segregation occur?
- Housing: Wealthier groups can choose to pay more for houses well away from poorer areas, Poorer groups typically have far less choice in where to live.
- Changing environments: Housing neighbourhoods change over time. Houses that were built for large families in Georgian and Victorian times are now too big for the average UK family. Many have been converted into flats for private rental to people on low incomes. Conversely, former poor areas are being gentrified, making them popular amongst wealthier groups.
- The ethnic dimension: on arrival immigrant groups may locate in lower cost housing areas near jobs
44
List 3 issues caused by economic inequality
- Political and social unrest e.g. rioting.
- A rise in crime, drug use and violence.
- Health problems, e.g. cities with higher levels of income inequality have more malnourished children
45
What is the term for several social, environmental and economic problems? How is it measured?
- Multiple Deprivation
- Index of Multiple Deprivation
46
Typically, where are the most deprived urban neighbourhoods in HIC cities?
Inner city areas
47
List 2 socio-economic issues in Leeds
- Housing shortages
- Affordability
48
List 2 socio-economic issues in Rio
- Acute housing problem
- Favelas
49
List 4 strategies to reduce inequality
- Improving transport systems
- Affordable housing
- Some LICs have upgrading programmes for squatter settlements
- Introducing minimum/living wages
50
Give 3 reasons why immigrants are more likely to live in urban areas?
- Employment opportunities
- First point of entry e.g airport
- Established cultural diversity e.g specialist shops or religious buildings
51
Give an example of a culturally diverse UK city
- London is considered to be one of the most diverse cities in the world.
- More than 300 languages are spoken by the people
52
List 2 benefits resulting from cultural diversity
- Cultural events and ethnic quarters within a city can attract tourists, boosting the city’s economy.
- Different foods, music, language and religion
53
List 2 issues from cultural diversity
- Tensions sometimes lead to violence
- Minority communities may feel isolated and politically underrepresented
54
List 2 issues of social segregation
- In LIC cities, poorer areas may lack access to facilities, e.g. electricity clean water, public transport. They are also more likely to be close to industry and rubbish dumps, affecting health and wellbeing
- People in some areas may have less access to education and jobs, widening inequalities
55
List 3 reasons why communities self-segregate (internal factor)
1. Migrants seek the support of friends and relatives within an ethnic minority community
2. Specialist services e.g. worship, food
3. Protection against racial abuse/attacks from majority population
56
List 2 external factors which cause communities to segregate
1. Source of cheap labour (traditionally) so located by cheap housing
2. Past discrimination by social housing
57
List 4 strategies to encourage social and cultural integration
* Governments can pass laws, e.g. to prevent companies discriminating
* New developments can include luxury homes and lower cost housing, reducing divisions between rich and poor.
* Communities can help ease racial tensions, e.g. by involving different groups in projects to clean off racist graffiti.
58
In UHI's what is a sink?
Areas of cool air above parks and bodies of water
59
Which of the following does not explain temperature fluctuations in urban areas?
Weather conditions /Season/ Population/ Ground Cover
Population
60
How does air pollution affect UHIs?
It causes increased cloud cover which traps heat and reflects it back to the surface.
61
What type of map can be used to examine temperatures in UHIs?
Isotherm maps
62
Why is fog more frequent in urban areas?
Higher concentration of condensation nuclei
63
What three items are required to form a thunderstorm?
Humidity, rapid uplift and instability
64
Why are frost and snow less likely in an urban area?
UHI effect
65
Why is average wind speed lower in urban areas?
Tall buildings create friction which slows down moving air.
66
What name is given to the rapid and abrupt changes in direction of wind in urban areas?
Turbulence
67
What are vortices caused by?
Turbulent wind hitting other buildings or the ground
68
What causes Eddying?
Pressure gradients between windward and leeward sides of buildings
69
What are the main causes of Particles or particulate matter?
Vehicle exhausts
70
What are the main causes of Carbon monoxide?
Road transport
71
What are the main causes of Nitrogen dioxide?
Road transport
72
What are the main causes of Sulphur dioxide?
Coal and oil burning
73
Smog is a mixture of what 2 airborne items?
Smoke and fog
74
Why did Los Angeles have such problems with photochemical smog?
Millions of vehicles, frequent sunshine and basin
topography.
75
Why are anticyclonic conditions a particular problem with air pollution?
Air descends and is static due to lack of wind
76
Explain briefly how congestion charging attempts to reduce pollution
- People are charged if they use their vehicle in certain places at certain times.
- Reduce pollution by reducing road traffic.
E.g. London, Durham City
77
Explain briefly how pedestrianisation attempts to reduce pollution
Vehicles are prevented from entering certain places at
certain times which reduces pollution by reducing road traffic.
E.g. Briggate in Leeds.
78
Explain briefly how public transport improvements attempts to reduce pollution
- Encouraging people to use public transport instead of their cars reduces pollution.
- Improved bus services to make bus journeys cheaper, faster and more efficient. One way to do this is with bus lanes so buses don’t get stuck in slow traffic.
- Park and ride schemes to make it easier to access public transport.
- Trams and light railway services which run on lies, so they don’t get caught in road congestion. They also pollute less than buses
79
Explain briefly how restricting car use attempts to reduce pollution
In Mexico City drivers are banned from using their cars one weekday per week, based on the last digit of their number plate e.g. number plates ending in 5 or 6 cannot be used on Mondays
80
Explain briefly how car sharing attempts to reduce pollution
Council run car sharing schemes encourage people making the same journey to share a car.
E.g. Birmingham, Bristol, London, Harrogate
81
Describe the Ultra-Low Emission Zone (ULEZ ) used in London
- Exhaust emissions standards are set and a daily
non-compliance charge introduced to encourage cleaner vehicles to drive in central London.
- The aim is for zero or low emission for the TFL’s bus fleet will be a target.
- All double decker buses in central London will be
hybrid and all single deck buses will be zero emission
82
How did the UK Clean Air Acts (which years?) intend to cut pollution?
- 1956 and 1968
- Reduced domestic pollution by introducing smoke control areas where only smokeless fuels could be burned
- Reduced industrial pollution by introducing the use of tall chimneys which mean that pollutants are dispersed higher in the atmosphere, so they are less harmful to people in the city.
83
Explain how biofuels are used to reduce pollution?
- They produced from plants.
- They can directly replace petrol and diesel, and have lower particulate emissions.
- Growing crops needed to make biofuels can reduce biodiversity, e.g. biofuels like corn-based ethanol needs a lot of land to grow, which means clearing other vegetation.
84
Is precipitation higher or lower in urban areas?
Higher
85
Is infiltration higher or lower in urban areas?
Lower
86
Is runoff higher or lower in urban areas
Higher
87
What sort of hydrograph occurs in urban areas?
Flashy
88
What are the advantages of hard engineering catchment management?
- Prevents flooding
- Ensures water supply
89
What are the disadvantages of hard engineering catchment management?
- Expensive
- Disruprs natural ecosytems e.g silt can be trapped
behind dams, reducing downstream areas of sediment and increasing erosion.
- They can alter wildlife habitats e.g. dams can prevent salmon migration upstream to breed
90
List 3 hard engineering catchment management strategies
- Diversion spillways
- Levees
- River channelisation
91
What are the advantages of soft engineering catchment management strategies?
- Cheaper
- Uses the knowledge of the river basin and processes to work with nature
92
List 3 soft engineering catchment management strategies
- Afforestation
- Floodplain zoning
- River restoration
93
What are SUDs described as?
Safe to fail
94
List 6 characteristics of SUDs
- Slow down surface runoff and reduce flood risk
- Reduce risk of sewer flooding during heavy rain
- Prevent water pollution
- Recharge groundwater to help prevent drought
- Provide valuable habitats for wildlife in urban areas
- Create green spaces for people in urban areas
95
Are SUDs more or less sustainable than traditional strategies?
More sustainable
96
List 9 SUDs
- Vegetated trenches and roofs
- Containers on roofs,
- Bioswale rain garden
- Sloped retention area
- Roof water is collected in water butts for use in gardens.
- Permeable block paving
- Detention ponds
- Swales
- Basins
97
What was Stormwater's aim?
To improve urban flood resilience
98
Why was Stormwater needed?
To prevent floods after the Boxing Day 2015 floods
99
Where is Stormwater?
The development is in the city’s Climate Innovation District is by the side of the River Aire south east of Leeds city centre
100
How does Stormwater copy nature and inturn how does it achieve its aim?
The drainage design aims to mimic nature incorporating permeable footpaths and thick vegetation, holding back run off and channelling it into the river.
101
Identify 3 social benefits of Stormwater
- Provides a pleasant social community for residents
- Visually improved the area
- Helps to protect people’s homes
102
Identify the economic benefits of Stormwater
CITU claim the houses themselves are built sufficiently high above the river to withstand a 1 in 200-year flood. This will reduce economic damage to the properties The site benefits from Leeds City Council’s £50M flood prevention scheme
103
Identify 2 economic costs of Stormwater
- Properties are very expensive, according to Zoopla the average house cost on Solar Avenue is £376,222
- Project is costing £250M
104
Why was the Enfield scheme needed?
Enfield experienced regular floods e.g 2006, 2007, 2008
105
What are the aims of Enfield's river restoration and conversation?
- To restore river systems to a more natural state
- To reduce flood risk, decrease water pollution, create new habitats and increase biodiversity
106
What 3 problems were faced by Enfield?
- 9,000 homes were at risk of flooding
- Increased levels of pollutants in rivers
- Water pollution from homes
107
Which SUDs were used in Enfield?
- Vegetated trenches
- Rain planters
- Wetlands
108
List 3 groups involved in Enfield's river restoration
- DEFRA
- Thames Water
- Local residents & schools
109
Although the scheme is ongoing list 3 successes
- Flood risk seems to be reduced e.g. high rainfall in December 2013 and January 2014 did not cause significant flooding in Enfield.
- SUDS have reduced ammonia levels in Salmons Brook by 67% and nitrogen levels by 43%
- Population of eels and some species of insects, e.g. dragonflies, have increased
110
Name of the River in Enfield
River Lea
111
What are 4 issues caused by urban waste?
- Inadequate waste disposal is linked to air and water pollution which have negative impacts on human health.
- It's very expensive to deal with waste as space for landfill is running out and incineration is costly.
- Waste accounts for 5% of global greenhouse gas
emissions.
- Methane from landfills is 12% of global methane
emissions.
112
What is MSW? What is the common name for it?
- Municipal solid waste
- Refuse or rubbish
113
What are the 3 sources of waste?
- Industrial
- Commercial
- Personal
114
What % of all products become waste in 6 months?
90%
115
What is a waste stream?
The flow of waste from its source/original through to disposal
116
Give 3 reasons why waste streams vary
- Economic characteristics
- Lifestyles
- Attitudes
117
What is the difference between waste disposal in HICs and LICs/NEEs?
- HICs regulated and managed
- LICs/NEEs more indiscriminate with improper dumping.
118
What are 5 impacts of increasing waste production?
- Costs of collecting and treating waste are high
- Water, ground and air pollution. Waste is a large source of methane, a powerful greenhouse gas.
- Health problems e.g respiratory ailments, cholera and dengue fever.
- Quantity. Many city authorities are struggling to collect increasing quantities of urban waste.
- Cities are running out of landfill space.
119
List 7 types of waste disposal
- Unregulated
- Recycling
- Incineration
- Recovery
- Burial (landfill)
- Submergence
- Trade
120
What is an advantage and disadvantage of incineration?
- Advantage: Energy from Waste (EfW)
- Disadvantage: Can release toxic chemicals
121
Name 3 advantages of landfill
- Cost effective
- Easily managed
- Takes different types of waste
122
Name 3 disadvantages of landfill
- Methane, a greenhouse gas is produced by decomposition
- Other chemicals in the waste (e.g. bleach and ammonia) can produce toxic gases that negatively affect air quality.
- Groundwater and river quality are affected because toxic chemicals can leach out and contaminate the water.
123
What is global waste trade?
The movement (Buying and selling) of waste between countries for treatment, disposal or recycling
124
What does WEEE stand for?
Waste electrical and electronic equipment
125
Where does most WEEE come from?
USA and Europe
126
Where does most WEEE go?
LICs & NEEs
127
List 3 facts about Singapore
- Third richest nation in the world by GDP per capita
- The city has a land area of 697 km2 and a
population of 4.2 million – 100% of Singaporeans
live in the urban area. The island is about half the size
of metropolitan London.
- The state’s economy is heavily focused on exports and refining imported goods, especially in manufacturing
128
How much waste is produced in Singapore per day?
- 1970: 1260 tonnes per day
- 2000: 8400 tonnes per day
- 6 fold increase
129
Why did Singapore change from landfill to incineration?
The state is rapidly running out of space
130
What is Singapore's most recent waste management approach? Describe it
- Avoiding the creation of waste
- Public campaign e.g 3 Rs: Reduce Reuse, Recycle
- Recover and regenerate electricity
131
In 2000s what was the name of the landfill site? When will it be filled?
- Semakau
- By 2040
132
How many incineration plants in Singapore remain?
4
133
What % of Singapore's energy needs are met by the incineration plants?
3%
134
List 5 successes of Singapore's waste disposal strategies
- EfW reduces use of fossil fuels in energy production
- Only 2% is now sent to landfill
- Over half is recycled
- Pollution control systems reduce gases
- Incineration reduces wate volume by 90%
135
List 5 limitations of Singapore's waste disposal strategies
- Greenhouse gases are emitted
- Singapore is not close to its Zero Waste, Zero landfill target
- The strategies cannot reduce all emissions
- Semakau will be full by 2040 so an alternative site is needed
- Incinerators need to be replaced every 10 years
136
Overall, what does Singapore need to do?
Increase public awareness and uptake of 3Rs
137
In some HIC cities has air quality improved?
Yes
138
Why has air quality improved in some HIC cities?
Reliance on fossil fuels is decreasing
139
What is the name for the 'green' modes of transport in cities?
Active travel
140
What do many NEE/LIC cities rely on to meet their energy needs?
Fossil fuels
141
What other problems do NEE/LIC cities face?
- Increases in industrial activity, car ownership.
- Lack of regulation of emissions
142
Give an example of how some progress has been made in reducing urban air pollution
Phasing out leaded petrol
143
List 3 causes of atmospheric pollution in urban areas
- Release of particles and noxious gases
- Human activity
- Still, hot, anticyclonic conditions
144
What problem can atmospheric pollution lead to?
Smog
145
What causes water pollution?
Pollutants are directly or indirectly discharged into water without adequate treatment
146
Where is dereliction more common?
HICs
147
Give 1 strategy to tackle dereliction
Redevelopment or regeneration strategies
148
Identify 3 environmental impacts
of urban areas
* Urbanisation causes loss of open space, resulting in loss of habits and biodiversity
* At a global scale, cities increase demand for resources such as food, water and energy. Cities are home to >50% of the world`s population but use 75% of its resources
* Cities are responsible for about 60% of greenhouse gas emissions
149
Name 3 factors that determine the ecological footprint of a city
- Wealth
- Size
- Quality of Public Transport
150
What must a city do to be sustainable?
A city must meet the needs of people today without preventing future generations from meeting their needs.
151
How many dimensions of sustainability are there and name them?
- Natural
- Physical
- Social
- Economic
152
List 4 characteristics of Natural
sustainability
- Rely on renewable energy sources e.g. winds.
- Carbon neutral developments.
- They produce relatively little waste and reuse or recycle waste.
- Cities where there is a lot of active travel and use
public transport a lot
153
List 2 characteristics of physical sustainability
- It must provide enough resources to support the population and let them be productive e.g. have jobs.
- Features include lots of high-quality housing and secure supplies of nutritious food, safe water and energy for all residents
154
List 3 characteristics of social sustainability
- Need access to basic services e.g. hospitals, schools,
within easy reach.
- Preserving historic legacy.
- They are peaceful, tolerant, respect human rights and are politically stable
155
List 4 characteristics of economic sustainability
- Wealthy
- Low levels of inequality
- Little debt
- Profitable and ethical businesses which offer plenty of well paid jobs
156
What 4 things do liveability depend on
- Job opportunities
- Crime rates
- Open space
- Access to education
157
Liveability of Rio in 2019
Rio = 89/140
158
Liveability of London in 2019
London = 48/140
159
Liveability index
The liveability index assesses which locations around the world produce the best and worst living conditions. A high liveability would depend on a variety of job opportunities, low crime rates, high access to open space, and access to good quality education.
160
Give 5 reasons why sustainability is difficult to achieve
- Requires investment which many cities cannot afford
- Many cities are growing, so more services are needed
(they may not be planned efficiently).
- Some people are unwilling to change their habits e.g. driving less, using less water.
- Some cities don't have appropriate infrastructure e.g.
roads are too narrow to build cycle lanes,
- In LIC cities, urbanisation is happening at a faster rate than in the developed world, and growth is often unplanned, making it harder to increase urban sustainability
161
When were the Sustainable Development Goals introduced?
2015
162
How many SDGs are there?
17
163
List 6 strategies for increasing urban sustainability
- Reducing number of cars and include more active travel
- Increase amount of green space
- Improve urban waste disposal
- Increase use of renewable energy
- Reduce water usage
- Make buildings more energy efficient
164
Name a sustainable area in Leeds
CITU: Climate Innovation District
165
What are edge cities largely a result of
- Urban Sprawl
- Increased car ownership
- Greater willingness to travel long distances for work, shopping, and entertainment
- Limited planning restrictions in suburbs
- Urban sprawl expanded most during the 1950s and 1960s
166
List the 4 differences between rural and urban areas that may affect the climate
- Less vegetation in urban areas = less evapotranspiration
- Urban surfaces tend to be much less reflective than in rural areas – tarmac, bricks & concrete have a lower albedo
- Increased car use & industry = more air pollution
- Greater number of buildings in urban areas leading to tall buildings & narrow streets
167
Name the 5 causes of UHI
- Urban Surfaces
- Reflection in Streets
- Air Pollution
- Human Activity
- Reduced Evapotranspiration
168
How do urban surfaces cause UHI?
- Materials like concrete, bricks, and tarmac have low albedo
- They absorb and store heat during the day and release it as long-wave radiation at night, warming the air.
169
How does reflection in streets cause UHI?
- Urban surfaces with many windows concentrate heat by reflecting energy downward.
- Rural areas retain snow longer in winter, increasing their reflective albedo (0.86–0.95).
170
How does air pollution cause UHI?
Pollution from vehicles and industries forms a ‘pollution dome,’ which traps and reflects heat, increasing urban temperatures.
171
How does human activity cause UHI?
- Heat is generated by vehicles, industries, buildings, and large populations.
- Air conditioning releases warm air into the atmosphere.
172
How does reduced evapotranspiration cause UHI?
Urban drainage systems remove water quickly, and limited vegetation means less transpiration. With less evapotranspiration, more heat stays in the atmosphere.
173
Outline why thunderstorms are more frequent in urban areas
Thunderstorms form in hot, humid air, with heavy rain, thunder, and lightning.
Urban heat increases the likelihood of thunderstorms by 25%, especially in hot humid conditons.
Convectional uplift, combined with heat, water vapor, and condensation nuclei from industries and vehicles, leads to intense precipitation.
Latent heat released during condensation fuels further uplift, and raindrops split, creating positive electrical charges that cause lightning.
174
Name the 3 urban policies and give dates
- Property Led Initiatives (1979-1991)
- Partnership Schemes (1991-1997)
- Area based initiatives (1997-2000s)
175
Case Study name of Property Led Initatives
- Urban Development Corporations
- London Docklands Development Corporation
176
Case study name of Partnership schemes
City Challenge Hulme City Challenge Partnership, Manchester.
177
Case study name of Area based initiatives
Devonport Regeneration Company, Plymouth.
178
Name 4 successes of the Property Led Initative in London Docklands
- Unemployment fell from 14.2% to 7.4% and 85,000 jobs created
- Accessibility was improved by building the London City Airport and Docklands Light Railway
- Improved environment by planting 160,000 new trees
- 24,000 new homes
179
Name 3 failure of the Property Led Initative in London Docklands
- Many of the new hi-tech jobs weren't suitable for traditional dock workers
- Failed to bring wealth to locals as Canning Town's income per household is less than 25% of Canary Wharf's average income
- Young professionals priced out original residents out of their homes
180
Name 3 successes of the Partnership Scheme in Hulme Manchester
- Appearance of Hulme changed dramatically
- 600 new homes built & 400 improved or refurbished
- Crime greatly reduced with improvements in community services e.g Moss Side Sport Centre
181
Name 2 limitations of the Partnership Scheme in Hulme Manchester
- 10 years later, only 80% of objectives had been realised
- Still more deprived in terms of child poverty and education compared to other parts of the city
182
Name 3 successes of the Plymouth area based initiative
- Community groups had been heavily involved e.g Pembroke Street Estate Management
- More sustainable due to bottom up approach
- The dividing naval wall was removed and inter war housing demolished
183
Name 1 limitation of the Plymouth area based initative
Some felt it took a long time
184
3 points on Property Led initiatives' top down approach
- Emphasise on role of the private sector e.g ()
- Coalition boards set up with the local business community
- Boards were encouraged to but land, build infrastructure and attract private investment
185
3 points on Partnership schemes competition led approach
- Greater focus on local leadership and partnership between all interested parties
- Focused on tackling social, economic and environmental problems in deprived area
- Local authorities had to bid for government funding
186
3 points on area-based initiative bottom-up approach
- Focused on narrowing the gap in key social and economic indicators between the most deprived neighbourhoods and the rest of the country
- Local authorities were set targets to improve levels of health, education and employment
- Funding assisted in delivering government objectives
187
What is the population and life expectancy inLeeds?
- 812,000 (2011)
- 82.1
188
What is the population and life expectancy in Rio?
- 6.7 million in the city
- 75
189
Does Leeds have a high inward or outward migration?
- High inward due to 3 univerisites
- Outward migration is high becuase when people leave uni they move to London
- Historically, Leeds has seen migrants from the Caribbean and South Asia
190
Does Rio have a high inward or outward migration?
- High rural to urban migration
- High migration from other South American countries
191
Name the places near Leeds where sub-urbansiation, counter urbanisation and urban resurgence has taken place
- Sub-urbanisation: Alwoodley
- Counter urbanisation: Bramhope
- Urban resurgence: Southbank
192
Name the places near Rio where sub-urbansiation and urban resurgence has taken place
- Sub-urbanisation: 40% of population live in the suburbs 4
- Urban resurgence: West Zone
193
Name 3 reasons why Leeds is nationally important
- Leeds train station has more footfall than Gatwick airport
- Leeds has 3 universities
- Leeds is the second largest financial centre in the UK after London
194
Name 3 reasons why Rio is nationally important
- Until 1960 it was the capital city
- 2nd largest city
- Provides 6% of Brazil's employment
195
Name 3 reasons why Rio is gloablly important
- UNESCO world heritage site
- South America's top tourist destination
- Christ the Redimer is 1/7 wonders of the world
196
Example of a fortress development in Leeds
Harewood Gate where house prices are in excess of £625,000
197
Example of gentrification in Leeds
Hyde Park with house prices rising by 26% in last 5 years
198
2 statistics to show eonomic inequality in Leeds
2018: 149,000 people in Leeds were in Absolute Poverty
2019 IMD: 25% of LSOAs in Leeds are ranked as the 10% most deprived nationally
199
2 examples to show economic inequality in Rio
- Poorest 50% earn only 13% Rio's income
- Spatial pattern of economic inequality with the South Zone being the richest and North Zone with many favelas
200
2 statistics and an example to show cultural diversity in Leeds
- 9.7% of people in Leeds were born outside of the UK
- 22% of Leeds primary school pupils have ESL
- West Indian Carnival in August
201
3 statistics to show housing shortages/affordability in Leeds
- 2017-2018: 11,000 families asked Council for assitance due to facing homelessness
- Loss of 2,000 council homes since 2009
- Average house price is 7x average Leeds income
202
Name 2 strategies to reduce social and economic inequality in Leeds
- Leeds Best Council Plan: Council, local businesses, charities and investors have invested £114,000 in grants to directly tackle poverty
- Asda opened a Middleton store which guaranteed 375 new jobs
203
Name 2 statistics to show the issue of air pollution in Leeds
- 2019: Neville Street was the most polluted street outside of London
- 4.5% of adults deaths in Leeds are connected to expoure to air pollution
204
3 statistics outling urban waste in Leeds
- 470 kg of waste per household per year
- 40% of Leeds' waste is recycled
- Remaining 60% of Leeds' black bin waste goes to RERF (Recycling and Energy Recovering Facility)
205
3 examples of what Leeds is doing to tackle air pollution
- Leeds City Council zero emissions fleet
- Bus lanes
- Clean air charging zone has been delayed
206
2 causes of water pollution in the River Aire
- Industrial waste
- Domestic waste and Yorkshire Water treatment plans lacked filtration processes to remove pollutants
207
Give 1 impact of water pollution in the River Aire
- At times of low rainfall, the river had 70% of sewage effluent and 30% natural water
208
Solutions to the issue of water pollution in the River Aire
- 1980s: Eye on the Aire formed consisting of 30 groups campaigned and got Yorkshire water to install extra filtration
- 1990s: Salmon, heron and otters returned to the river
209
Cause of dereliction in Leeds
Decline in the textile industry from the late 1950s
210
Solution to dereliction in Leeds
- Derelict buildings have been regenerated e.g The Tetley
- Residental population grew by 150% between 2002 and 2015
211
Examples of social segregation in Rio
- South Zone is 80% white despite Rio's population being 50% black or mixed race
- Poorer North and West zone, home to favelas
212
Services in favelas - 3 statistics
- 50% have no sewage connections
- 12% have no running water
- 30% have no electricity
213
2 statistics to show issue of health in Rio
- Over 40% of the city doesn't have access to a local family health clinic
- In Favela's, infant mortality rate is high at 50+/1000
214
An example of health improvement in Rio
- Santa Marta is 13km away from hospital
- Authorities arranged medical staff to take health kits
- Life expectancy has risen
- Infant mortality has fallen
215
Issue of Education and solution
- 50% of children stop education at 14
- Authorities have given schools grants to poor families
216
Water supply improvements in Rio
- 7 new treatment plants have been built and over 300 km of pipes laid
- 2014: 95% of population had mains water supply
217
Electricity supply improvements in Rio
- Installed 60km of new power lines
- Built a nuclear generator
- Increased Rio's electricity supply by 30%
218
Unemployment statistics in Rio
- 20% rate in favelas
- 1/3 of Rio's workers are in the informal sector
219
Crime problem and solution in Rio
- 6000 killed annually in gang related crime
- Since 2008 there has been Pacifying Police Units in 200 favelas
220
Outline Favela Bairro Project
Integrated 250,000 residents in 140 neighbourhoods
221
Outline Rocinha
- Rio's south zone
- Oldest and largest favela
- Population of 225,000
- Improved sanitation, plumbing, electricity and education
222
Teleferico de Alemo
- Cable car system set up in ()
- Took 16 minutes in cable car instead of 2 hours walking to get from one side of Favela to the other
- Locals got a free return ticket which connected to Rio's railway and the terminals became community hubs
- Shut in 2016
- Government couldn't afford to run it
- Money felt it couldv'e been spent elsewhere
223
Campo Grande
- Built to make space for Olympics
- 800 new houses 90 minute drive away from Rio's centre
- Better sanitation and quality of housing but there is a lack of community
224
Waste in Rio
- Every 2 months, Rio produces enough MSW to fill its football stadium
- Waste gets dumped or put in water system in Favela's due to lack of access
- Jardim Gramando is one of the largest landfill sites but it is a major source of leachates into Guanabara Bay. Closed in 2014
- Power Plant in the uni consumes 30 tonnes daily making enough electricity for 100 homes
- Light Recicla project run by a Canadian TNC that provides energy. It started in 2011 and encourages people to recycle by allowing them to swap recyclable materials for credit on their electricity bills.
225
2 statistics on causes of atmospheric pollution in RIo
- 4 million cars daily in the centre
- 40% increase in car ownership in the last decade
226
Impacts of atmospheric pollution in RIo
- 5000 deaths anually
- Brown smog
227
Solutions to atmospheric pollution in Rio
- 14km Rio Niteroi Bridge to reduce congestion
- 21km Yellow Line Expressway, a toll road. 70,000 vehicles daily which removes 40% of traffic from local roads
- Bike Rio 600 bikes at 60 rental stations
228
Water pollution causes in Rio
- Industrial waster
- Oil spills from Petrobas oil refinery
- Ships empty fuel tanks
229
Water pollution problems in Rio
- Major threat to wildlife
- Fishing has declined by 90% in the last 20 years
- Threatens tourism
230
Water pollution solution in Rio
- 12 new sewage works which cost USD$68million
- 5km new sewage pipes
- Ships are fined for illegal dumping
231
Dereliction causes in Rio
- Deindustrialisation of steel
- Old colonial houses have been inherited but not claimed
232
Dereliction issues in Rio
- People have had to squat in derelict buildings due to favela rent increasing due to improvements
- Homelessness has increased
233
Dereliction solution in Rio
- Organised squatting
