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History - USA: Boom, Bust and Recovery > Cultural change in the 1920s (T1) > Flashcards

Cultural change in the 1920s (T1) Flashcards

1
Q

What was ‘fads’?

A

Activities that exploded in popularity: such as crossword puzzles.

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2
Q

When was the first crossword puzzles published?

A

In the Boston Globe in 1917.

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3
Q

How did ‘fads’ grow in popularity?

A

Crossword competitions became a spectator sport, card games such as Mah-Jong became equally popular.

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4
Q

What were more energetic ‘fads’?

A
  • Dance marathons- one in Chicago went on for 119 days
  • Roller-skating
  • Rocking Horse Derbies
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5
Q

What was the music craze that took over in the 1920s?

A

Jazz music.

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6
Q

What dances came along with Jazz music?

A

The Charleston and The Black Bottom.

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7
Q

Why did conservatives dislike these jazz dances?

A

These dances seemed unrestrained and immoral in their level of body contact and free movement.

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8
Q

Who were these jazz dances usually associated with?

A

With the young and ‘flappers’ who seemed to exercise little moral restraint.

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9
Q

How was jazz bought into the home?

A

Radio and records.

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10
Q

When was the first radio station made?

A

KDKA in Pittsburgh in 1920 and by 1922 there were 500 stations across the USA.

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11
Q

What was the first national network?

A

NBC set up in 1926, with CBS following in 1927.

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12
Q

How many people tuned into the 1927 boxing match between Gene Tunney and Jack Dempsey?

A

50 million

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13
Q

What were ‘radio parties’ people held?

A

Where family and friends could listen together in their home.

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14
Q

How much did radios cost?

A

$150, usually paid for on credit.

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15
Q

How much money spent on furniture was spent on radios?

A

By 1927, 33%

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16
Q

How many American families had purchased a radio?

A

Between 1923-1930, 60%

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17
Q

How much did sales on radios grow from?

A

From $60 million in 1923 to $842 million in 1929.

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18
Q

What did radio create a huge attraction for?

A

Huge attraction for advertising and sponsorship which often paid for programmes.

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19
Q

What is an example of advertising on the radio?

A

In August 1929, the toothpaste company Pepsodent began to sponsor ‘Amos and Andy’ on NBC.

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20
Q

What was the audience of ‘Amos and Andy’?

A

Rose to as high as 40 million.

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21
Q

What did the power of the radio allow Americans to do for the first time?

A

Could listen to the same songs, laugh at the same jokes and thrill the sporting events.

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22
Q

How much had the cinema industry grown to by the 1920s?

A

Centred in Hollywood, was the fourth largest in terms of capital investment.

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23
Q

How many people went to the cinema?

A

In any one day about 10 million people in 20,000 cinemas.

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24
Q

What is an example of a glamorous cinema built in the USA?

A

The Roxy in NY, cost between $7-10 million, had three organs, a huge chandelier, and a red carpet.

25
Q

What was an example of a famous star that came out from Hollywood?

A
  • Clara Bow, the ‘It girl’ who symbolised the modern liberated woman.
  • Action heroes like Douglas Fairbanks.
  • Comic geniuses such as Buster Keaton and Charlie Chaplin.
26
Q

What was the first sound film to be released?

A

In 1927, ‘The Jazz Singer’.

27
Q

How did sport become more popular?

A

People had more leisure time and sporting heroes attracted huge audiences - especially in boxing and baseball.

28
Q

What did the growth of radio do for sport?

A

Brought national and local matches into people’s homes.

29
Q

What was an example of a popular match?

A

50 million listened to the Dempsey-Tunney fight on 22 September 1927.

30
Q

How did sporting figures gain money?

A

Earned vast amounts from sponsorship deals and advertising.

31
Q

How much was Jack Dempsey worth?

A

$10 million.

32
Q

How much was Babe Ruth worth?

A

$80,000 from his baseball salary, $1 million over the course.

33
Q

Who were some significant baseball players?

A

Babe Ruth, his New York Yankee teammate Lou Gehrig.

34
Q

What was formed in 1920 in relation to baseball?

A

The Negro National Baseball League.

35
Q

What was the Negro National Baseball League?

A

A testament to the fact that sport was still largely segregated.

36
Q

How was the Negro National Baseball League different?

A

The players earned less than their white counterparts, and committed themselves to exhausting circuits.

37
Q

How was the Negro National Baseball League beneficial?

A

Were among the biggest black-American owned business in the USA.

38
Q

What was the Great Migration?

A

Ethnic minorities who moved from the South to Northern cities.

39
Q

What was the most centred area of the city with Black Americans?

A

Harlem in NY.

40
Q

What could Harlem represent?

A

The ghettoisation or the concentration of black Americans into specific areas of economic and social problems.

41
Q

How much did the population of black Americans grow by?

A

From 50,000 in 1914 to 165,000 in 1930

42
Q

What were the problems in Harlem?

A

Particularly with overcrowding and poor living conditions.

43
Q

What were the problems with properties in Harlem?

A

Often as properties fell into disrepair landlords failed to repair them.

44
Q

What did the concentration of black Americans lead to?

A

The Harlem Renaissance.

45
Q

What was the Harlem Renaissance?

A

A resurgence of black American culture, a pride in black American life and achievement.

46
Q

How did the Harlem Renaissance portray black American culture?

A
  • Came particularly through music - jazz, blues and spirituals.
  • Which had a depth and intimacy that few white Americans could replicate.
47
Q

What was ‘The New Negro’?

A
  • Black American militancy
  • Controversy about whether they should integrate with white society or develop independently or separately.
48
Q

Was there any contention against ‘The New Negro’?

A

Some Black Americans discounted the idea, they argued that proponents of these ignored Black Americans up to 1920s.

49
Q

How were Black Americans treated at this time?

A

Clearly prejudice and injustice went on and there were no moves to end segregation.

50
Q

Who was Marcus Garvey?

A
  • Believed in overwhelmingly in separation between the races.
51
Q

What did Marcus Garvey set up?

A

His Universal Negro Improvement Society which gained thousands of supporters in the 1920s.

52
Q

What was the aim of the UNIS?

A
  • Encouraged black Americans only to deal with black American businesses.
  • It set up a Black Cross medical care and the Black Star Shipping Line to carry passengers to African ports.
53
Q

What else did Marcus Garvey run?

A

‘Back to Africa’ campaign which encouraged Black Americans to emigrate back to their descendants land.

54
Q

What was literature like in the 1920s?

A

Reflected a widespread disillusionment with the USAm led to a renaissance in US writing.

55
Q

Who were famous writers in the 1920s?

A

Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald and Sinclair Lewis.

56
Q

What ideas were the USA concerned with?

A

Materialism and economic growth, and did not appreciate the arts.

57
Q

What was the importance of the book ‘The Sun Also Rises’?

A

The hero symbolises the emptiness of society, as all the protagonists had left the USA and Britain.

58
Q

What were people reading at the time?

A

They enjoyed popular fiction which was sometimes written by Scott Fitzgerald.

59
Q

What was one of the most popular magazines in the 1920s?

A

‘Reader’s Digest’, covering human interest stories, short humorous pieces and condensed fiction.

History - USA: Boom, Bust and Recovery (17 decks)

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