Cultural ID Models Flashcards
(6 cards)
1
Q
R/CID
A
“Call DR. 2 Is” (CDRII)
- Conformity: neutral or negative attitudes toward members of their own minority group and other minority groups and positive attitudes toward members of the majority group. Values and standards of the majority group to be superior. Prefer a therapist from the majority group. Therapist’s attempts to help them explore their cultural identity as threatening.
- Dissonance: exposure to racism/bias–>dissonance with worldview. Question their attitudes toward own minority group, other minority groups, and the majority group. Aware of the effects of racism and are interested in learning about their own culture. Prefer a therapist from the majority group but want the therapist to be familiar with their culture, and they’re interested in exploring their cultural identity.
- Resistance and Immersion: Positive attitudes toward members of their own group, conflicting attitudes toward other minority groups, and negative attitudes toward majority group. Unlikely to seek therapy–>suspiciousness of mental health services. Attribute their psychological problems to racism and prefer a therapist from their own minority group.
- Introspection: Question unequivocal allegiance to their own group and are concerned about the biases that affect their judgments of members of other groups. Comfortable with their cultural identity –> concerned about their autonomy and individuality. Prefer a therapist from their own minority group but will consider a therapist from another group who understands their worldview, and they’re interested in exploring their new sense of identity.
- Integrative Awareness: Aware of the positive and negative aspects of all cultural groups. They’re secure in their cultural identity and are committed to eliminating all forms of oppression and becoming more multicultural. Their preference for a therapist is based on similarity of worldview, and they’re most interested in strategies aimed at community and societal change.
2
Q
Cross’s Black Racial Identity Development Model
Original model (Nigrescence)
A
- Pre-Encounter: People in the pre-encounter stage idealize and prefer White culture. They have negative attitudes toward their own Black culture and may view it as an obstacle and source of stigma.
- Encounter: People in this stage question their views of White and Black cultures as the result of exposure to events that cause them to become aware of the impact of racism on their lives. These individuals are interested in learning about and becoming connected to their own culture.
- Immersion-Emersion: People in this stage reject White culture and idealize and become immersed in their own culture.
- Internalization: During this stage, defensiveness and emotional intensity related to race decrease. People in this stage have a positive Black identity and tolerate or respect racial and cultural differences.
- Internalization-Commitment: People in this stage have internalized a Black identity and are committed to social activism to reduce all forms of oppression.
PEIII
3
Q
Seller’s et al.
Multidimensional Model of Racial Identity
MMRI
A
Not stages, 4 dimensions of racial identity that vary over time:
1. Racial salience: how much you are thinking about your race at a given moment/situation
2. Racial centrality: how much race is usually a cental part of your identity (stable)
3. Racial regard: how +/- you think of your race (private regard) and how +/- you think society thinks of people of your race (public regard)
4. Racial ideology: beliefs about how minority groups should act and relate to society
(including: nationalist, assimimlationist, humanist, and oppressed minority ideologies)
4
Q
Helm’s
White Racial Identity Development
WRID
A
- Contact: This status is characterized by a lack of awareness of racism and satisfaction with the racial status quo. People in this status usually have had limited contact with people from racial minority groups and may describe themselves as being colorblind. IPS: obliviousness.
- Disintegration: People transition to this status when they become aware of contradictions that create race-related moral dilemmas – for example, a conflict between the belief that all people are created equal and their unwillingness to live in an integrated neighborhood. These dilemmas cause confusion and anxiety. IPS: suppression and ambivalence.
- Reintegration: People in this status have attempted to resolve the dilemmas of the previous status by believing that Whites are superior to minority group members and blaming minority group members for their own problems. IPS: selective perception and negative out-group distortion.
- Pseudo-Independence: People transition to this status when faced with an event that makes them question their beliefs about Whites and members of minority groups. It’s characterized by a superficial tolerance of minority group members that may be accompanied by paternalistic attitudes and behaviors that perpetuate racism. IPS: reshaping reality and selective perception.
- Immersion-Emersion: People in this status search for a personal meaning of racism and an understanding of what it means to be White and to benefit from White privilege. IPS: hypervigilance and reshaping.
- Autonomy: People attain a state of autonomy when they develop a nonracist White identity, value diversity, and can explore issues related to race and racism without defensiveness. IPS: flexibility and complexity.
CDRPIA
5
Q
Troiden’s
Homosexual Identity Development
A
- Sensitization: This stage occurs during childhood and is characterized by feeling different from same-sex peers. Young girls may feel that they’re not feminine or pretty and are more independent and aggressive than other girls are; young boys may say they’re less interested in sports and less aggressive than other boys and are more interested in art, reading, and other solitary activities.
- Identity Confusion: This stage begins in middle or late adolescence when individuals start to feel sexually attracted to individuals of the same sex and suspect that they’re gay or lesbian. This suspicion leads to uncertainty and anxiety which they attempt to alleviate with denial, avoidance, repair (attempting to change), redefinition (viewing homosexual feelings as a phase), or acceptance.
- Identity Assumption: The transition to identity assumption occurs when the person begins to accept a gay or lesbian identity, which is usually between 19 and 21 years of age for males and between 21 and 23 years of age for females. Individuals in this stage seek out social and sexual relationships with gays or lesbians and disclose their sexual orientation to gay and lesbian peers and adults and to some heterosexual family members and friends.
- Identity Commitment: People in this stage have internalized a gay or lesbian identity, accepted homosexuality as a way of life, and are comfortable disclosing their sexual orientation to heterosexual individuals including family members, friends, and coworkers.
6
Q
cultural encapsulation
A
inability of some mental health professionals to work effectively with members of different cultural backgrounds. As described by Wrenn, culturally encapsulated mental health professionals are insensitive to cultural differences and believe that their own cultural assumptions about what constitutes mental health or normality applies to people from all cultural backgrounds.
(Wrenn)
