Cultural Intelligence

Question 1

CQ Motivation/Drive Definition

Answer 1

Motivational CQ refers to an individual’s capability to
direct attention and energy toward learning about and functioning in situations characterized by cultural
differences (Ang & Van Dyne, 2008)

Energy & confidence to cross cultures

Question 2

CQ Cognition/Knowledge Definition

Answer 2

Recognise similarities and differences in
cultural systems and values can affect intercultural interactions

• knowledge of norms, practices and conventions in
  different cultures that has been acquired from educational and
  personal experiences

The knowledge component of CQ includes
culture-general (etic) knowledge (which provides information about rules and norms in
different cultures such as economic systems, political systems, etc.); and
culture-specific (emic) knowledge (which provides information about a complex and
specific environment such as in Japan, decisions are made by consensus).

Question 3

CQ Metacognition/Strategy Definition

Answer 3

Heighten awareness of self and others’
thoughts and emotions to plan for intercultural engagement

Metacognitive CQ refers to “an individual’s level of conscious cultural awareness during crosscultural interactions”

Question 4

CQ Behaviour/Action Definition

Answer 4

Exercise appropriate speech acts, verbal and nonverbal behaviours in intercultural interaction

Behavioural CQ reflects the “capability to exhibit appropriate verbal and non-verbal actions when interacting with people from different cultures”

Question 5

Cultural Intelligence Definition

Answer 5

The capability of
an individual, group, or organization to
function effectively in an environment
characterized by cultural diversity.

The capability of
an individual, group, or organization to
detect “rules” &
make shared “rules.”

Question 6

Intelligence Definition

Answer 6

Intelligence is the ability
to meet the demands
of the environment effectively.
1. General mental ability (IQ)
2. Multiple Intelligences
3. Emotional intelligence (EQ)
4. Social intelligence
5. Practical intelligence
6. Cultural Intelligence

Question 7

CQ - Beyond EQ and IQ

Answer 7

IQ: Cognitive Intelligence
* Knowledge & Work Competency
EQ: Emotional Intelligence - Complements IQ
* high quality interpersonal relationships
CQ: Cultural Intelligence - Complements IQ + EQ
* explains the variability in coping with diversity and functioning in new
cultural settings.

Question 8

Intrinsic Interest Definition

Answer 8

Deriving enjoyment
from culturally diverse
experiences

Question 9

Extrinsic Interest Definition

Answer 9

Gaining benefits from
culturally diverse experiences

Question 10

Self-Efficacy Definition

Answer 10

Having the confidence
to be effective in crosscultural situations

Question 11

Uncertainty Definition

Answer 11

Uncertainty is cognitive, refers to what one knows about another and one’s level of predictability about
another.

Question 12

Anxiety Definition

Answer 12

Anxiety is the affective equivalent of uncertainty, refers to the level of discomfort associated with interacting with a stranger.

Question 13

Bandura’s Self-efficacy Model

Answer 13

Enactive mastery - ‘practice makes perfect’
Vicarious modelling - ‘observe role model’
Verbal persuasion - ‘Pygmalion and Galatea effects’
Arousal / initiation - ‘psyched up / be curious’

Question 14

Epistemic and empathetic curiosity definitions

Answer 14

Epistemic curiosity - Curiosity to acquire new knowledge

Empathic curiosity - Curiosity about the thoughts and feelings of other people

Question 15

Unconscious incompetence to conscious competence definitions

Answer 15

Unconscious incompetence - You don’t know what
you don’t know

Conscious incompetence - You know what you
don’t know

Conscious competence - You know how to do
something, and it takes effort

Unconscious competence - You know how to do
something, and it is second nature

Question 16

Individualism-collectivism definition

Answer 16

How people view their relationship with the group

Question 17

Power distance definition

Answer 17

Extent to which a person expects and accepts unequal distribution of power in a group or society

Question 18

Uncertainty avoidance definition

Answer 18

Extent to which a person is comfortable with uncertain and ambiguous situations

Question 19

Communication context definition

Answer 19

Extent to which a person communicates what s/he means directly or indirectly

Question 20

Competitiveness definition

Answer 20

Extent to which a person desires to do better than others

Question 21

Being-doing definition

Answer 21

Extent to which a person values reflection versus action

Question 22

Time orientation definition

Answer 22

What time span people consider when making decisions

People with short-term orientation plan for the present. They make decisions based on their short-term outcomes.

People with long-term orientation plan further into the future. They make decisions based on their long-term
implications.

Question 23

Conventional vs sophisticated stereotypes definition

Answer 23

a. Conventional stereotypes are typically negative; based on irrational dislikes or likes; and have little
research basis
b. Sophisticated stereotypes (cultural values) are neutral labels based on empirical work of scholars and theoretical concepts.

Question 24

Cultural paradoxes definition

Answer 24

a. Allocentrism vs Idiocentrism
b. Unresolved cultural issues
c. Bipolar patterns
d. Role differences
e. Real vs espoused values
f. Value trumping

Question 25

Levels of analysis

Answer 25

Cultures can be studied at:
* Individual Level
* Group Level
* Organizational Level
* National Level

Why should we be aware of levels issue?
* Using nation-level data to predict/explain individual behavior
* Be careful of drawing wrong conclusions from research which are at national levels
(ecological fallacy)
* Cultural values isn’t a substitute for more direct knowledge of person-to-person encounters
* Cultural knowledge of values is a useful starting point for cultural thinking, but it is only a
starting point.

Question 26

Confirmation bias definition

Answer 26

Seeing and finding evidence that confirms one’s
beliefs and ignoring evidence that does not support those beliefs.

Question 27

Availability bias definition

Answer 27

Making a decision based on information that is
most readily available instead of on objective information.

Question 28

False consensus bias definition

Answer 28

Overestimating the extent to which others
agree with you, the tendency to assume that your beliefs, habits, and opinions are “normal” and that others think the same way.

Question 29

Fundamental attribution bias definition

Answer 29

Believing that one’s own errors or failures
are justifiable due to external circumstances, but others’ errors are due to their character or internal factors are cause for greater concern.

Question 30

In-group bias definition

Answer 30

Perceiving people who are similar to you (in ethnicity,
religion, socioeconomic status, profession, etc.) more positively.

Question 31

Out-group bias

Answer 31

Perceiving people who are different from you more
negatively.

Question 32

Sunk costs definition

Answer 32

Having a hard time giving up on something (a strategy, an employee, a process) after investing time, money, or training, even though the investment can’t be recovered.

Question 33

Framing effect definition

Answer 33

Making a different judgment based on whether the
decision is presented as a gain or as a loss, despite having the same objective information.

Question 34

Prefrontal cortex

Answer 34

Thinking brain: responsible for
thinking, solving complex problems
and making decisions

Question 35

Limbic system

Answer 35

Old brain: responsible for basic emotions
and drives (hunger, sex, dominance, etc.)

Under threat + high levels of uncertainty, the limbic system responds with very powerful reactions that are very hard for the prefrontal cortex to direct or override.

Question 36

Amygdala

Answer 36

Responsible for survival and the fight or
flight or freeze response

Question 37

Our ‘operating system’

Answer 37

System 1 - Automatic (Default), Fast, Effortless, Out of voluntary control, Heuristics & Short-Cut

System 2 - Controlled (Deliberate), Slow, Deliberate, Influenced by choice, Deep thinking & analysis

Question 38

Inattentional blindness

Answer 38

How people can focus so hard on something that they become blind to the unexpected, and develop inattentional blindness

Question 39

Heuristics and biases

Answer 39

1. Heuristics can lead to cultural biases
2. Biases when manifested unconsciously are acts
   of discrimination
3. Choose to engage our thoughts and learn to
   overcome our cultural biases

Answer 40

ACCEPT that we are biased
1. Know the biases
2. Know triggers to biases
3. Practise Mindfulness - notice your thoughts and look out for “phrases”

LABEL biases
1. Call out stereotyped views
2. Nurture curiosity - Gather more individualized
information about people
3. Increase interactions with different kinds of people
(Intergroup contact theory)

MITIGATE BIASES
1. We are mental misers
2. Our mind creates categories
3. Our brain creates images that are familiar

Question 41

Intergroup contact theory

Answer 41

INTERGROUP CONTACT THEORY
for Bias Reduction
Intergroup contact hypothesis posits that a variety of conditions in
intergroup programs are necessary for bias reduction:
1. intergroup co-operation in activities
2. equal statues within group
3. supportive norms for the group
4. friendship potential
5. communication (intergroup dialogue)

Question 42

Mindfulness definition

Answer 42

The state of being attentive to the present moment without judgment.

Question 43

Ways to cultivate mindfulness

Answer 43

Mindful Breathing
Mindful Thoughts & Emotions
Mindful Movement: Mindful Walking
Mindful Sensory: Eating, Smelling, Touching, etc.
Mindful Compassion / Loving-Kindness, Gratitude

Question 44

Mehrabian’s Rule

Answer 44

Communication is:
7% Speech Acts
38% Verbal Behaviour
55% Nonverbal Behaviour

Speech Acts
1. Direct vs Indirect
2. Succinct vs Elaborate
3. Personal vs Contextual

Verbal Behaviour
1. Vocalisation (Articulation & Pronunciation)
2. Vocal Range (Power, Pitch, Pace, Pause)
3. Tone (Emotional Circumplex of Affect)

Nonverbal Behaviour
1. Kinesics (Posture, Gesture, Facial Movement)
2. Proxemics (Space)
3. Chronemics (Clock vs Event Time, Monochronicity vs Polychronicity)

Question 45

Response strategies to compliments

Answer 45

Response strategies
Self-credentialing: draw attention to one’s abilities, accomplishments
(1) Accept / Accept with amendments
Self-humbling: verbal restraints, hesitations, & use of self-deprecation concerning one’s performance
(1) Reject / Deflect
(2) Evade / Avoid self praise

Question 46

Non-verbal communication (etics vs emics)

Answer 46

Etics: Culturally Universal
* Emics: Culturally Specific

Question 47

Good posture through Alexander technique

Answer 47

1. Unlearn maladaptive physical habits
2. Return to a balanced state in which the body is well-aligned
   through
   a) Heighten self-awareness (Detect)
   b) Use thought process to restore your original poise
   (Regulate)

Question 48

Kinesics - gestures

Answer 48

Speech Illustrators
Co-speech gestures
* extent of use
* gesture space

Emblems
Gestures with specific meaning

Question 49

Kinesics - facial movement

Answer 49

1. Facial Expression
   * Quantity
   * Type
2. Eye Movement
   * Quantity
   * Type

Quantity of Facial Expressions
Individual vs Collective orientation
a) Individualistic orientation – Australia,
Canada and U.S.
a) Collectivistic orientation – Japan and
Indonesia

Question 50

Chronemics - clock vs event time

Answer 50

Study of human tempo as it relates to human communication

Clock Time - Time we read from our clock or watch.

Event Time - Focuses on event or activity, rather than time on the clock.

Question 51

Chronemics - P vs M time

Answer 51

Monochronicity (M-time)
* View time as linear
* Take care of one event at a time

Polychronicity (P-time)
* View time holistically
* Attend to multiple events at the same time