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cultural transmission Flashcards

(59 cards)

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1
Q

culture

A

shared way of life of a group of people. includes norms, values, beliefs and language.

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2
Q

cultural relativity

A

the idea that what is normal in one culture, is different in another (i.e polygamy)

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3
Q

cultural universal

A

social behaviours that can be found in all cultures for example family

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4
Q

norms

A
  • expected behaviour in a particular situation or culture
  • social rules for correct behaviour
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5
Q

values

A

shared beliefs about right and wrong , what is important and how to behave for example respect

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6
Q

morals

A

ideas about what behaviour is right and wrong

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7
Q

roles

A

expected behaviour by someone in a situation

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8
Q

role model

A

someone who is respected or looked up to by someone

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9
Q

status

A

position/ level of importance or prestige in society

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10
Q

identity

A

how you see yourself and how others see you

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11
Q

4 agents of socialisation

A
  • school
  • family
  • peer group
  • media
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12
Q

2 ways school transmit values

A
  • formal social control (discipline within lessons and by staff)
  • informal social control (peer group pressure)
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13
Q

how does the family transmit norms and values

A
  • children imitate family members as they are seen by them as role models
  • children are rewarded for socially accepted behaviour
  • children are punished for socially deviant behaviour
    sanctions and rolemodels
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14
Q

3 ways the media pass on norms and values

A
  • children are influenced by role models in media
  • can copy behaviour shown in the media
  • can alter the way people think about other groups in society depending on how they are presented.
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15
Q

how are norms taught through primary socialisation

A
  • gender norms are learnt via canalisation and manipulation
  • norms related to ethnicity are learnt within the family
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16
Q

what is manipulation

A

when parents deter child’s behaviour in regards to gender / children are controlled into certain behaviour for example girls being told to take care of their appearance more so than boys

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17
Q

give an example of how ethnic norms are passed on

A
  • Ghuman found that first generation Asian parents socialised their children into Asian values rather than British ones.
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18
Q

ascribed status

A

A status that is inherited or involuntarily applied to an individual.

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19
Q

acheived status

A

a voluntary status that is earned via education and work.

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20
Q

who created the concept of ascribed and achieved status

A

Ralph Linton

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21
Q

5 beliefs of nature argument

A
  • behaviour is innate/ natural
  • instincts are evidence that some behaviour is innate
  • some behaviour is a part of our genetic make up
  • animals with the same genes look and behave the same way
  • twins often share similar characteristics
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22
Q

5 beliefs of nurture argument

A

behaviour is learnt through agencies of socialisation and is a result of our upbringing in society
- feral children do not have basic skills naturally and therefore must be taught them (i.e oxana)
- cultural diversity shows that cultures are different all over the world and so people must be taught this.
- human behaviour has changed over time and throughout history
- women are supposed to have maternal instinct but some abuse and abandon their babies

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23
Q

socialisation

A

socialisation is the process of learning the expected rules, norms and values of society

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24
Q

5 things that make primary socialisation is important

Study These Flashcards
A
  • norms and values
  • teaches what behaviour is acceptable
  • feral children demonstrate that w/o primary socialisation, it is difficult to fit into society
  • teaches children what is expected of them
  • without socialisation, there would be chaos in society
25
canalisation
the way parents channel their child's interests in activities or toys in conjunction with gender as deemed appropriate
26
what are verbal appellations
Words used to describe children that have an association to their gender like "brave boy" - Oakly found this
27
what is an agent of socialisation
a group that passeson norms and values
28
5 ways children are socialised in primary socialisation
- manipulation - canalisation - negative and positive sanctions - verbal appellations - role modelling and immitation
29
counter arguments for impact of gender role socialisation in the family
- not all children accept the gender stereotypes that they are raised with - many children are raised in feminist households and therefore not a gender stereotypical way
30
secondary socialisation
this is where people learn expected norms and values and behaviours outside of the family. it usually occurs later in childhood and adulthood
31
formal socialistion
socialisation that deliberately set out to change how others behave
32
informal socialisation
what a person learns about their culture, norms and values as they go about their daily life. these happen by chance and are not deliberately set out to socialise people.
33
4 ways media socialises you
- stereotyping portrayals - role modelling -children's tv shows/interacting games - imitating stereotypical gender roles
34
how is religion an agent of social control
- religion can teach norms, values and behaviours depending on the following of that religion - can provide a moral code (e.g Ten Commandments in Christianity) - informal control as they reinforce the norms of good or bad actions
35
who was oxana
feral child found in Ukraine in the 1990s, was neglected by her alcoholic parents and for 8 years was raised by dogs
36
how do schools pass on gender identities
- some subjects are portrayed for certain genders. for example, humanities and English often have female teachers...portraying this role for females and sciences and maths may be dominated by male teachers - textbooks can contain gender stereotypes. books in the scheme of work can portray women or men in different roles or doing different tasks
37
social control
- ways in which society tries to make sure that its members conform to laws, rules and norms
38
how do schools control students
- disapproval of teachers - criticism - sanctions such as detentions, warnings and isolations teach students the behaviour that is and isn't accepted in the school
39
formal agent of social control
- police - courts - government - prisons and other sanction
40
deviance
going against the norms and values of society for example cutting in line
41
sanctions
behaviour encouraging people to act a certain way these can be positive or negative, formal or informal for example detention (negative informal)
42
customs
traditional and regular norms of behaviour associated with specific social situations for example bride wearing a white dress at a wedding
43
cultural diversity
there are many cultures around the world that are different to one another
44
how do agents of social control transmit behaviour
- instruction - sanctions - role models
45
where and how is ethnic identity lerant
- family- food eaten, religion followed - school- they my teach the language of the country - media- some ethnic minorities may be portrayed negatively
46
how does the workplace socialise people
- sanctions and rewards (e.g promotions) - types of work can socialise people - income
47
how do schools socialise people into gender roles
- uniforms -- in some schools, only boys can wear trousers - gendered regimes - girls play netball and boys play rugby - feminisation of schools - teaching has become more feminine as women are more likely to be teachers...this gives girls positive role models - labelling theory
48
where and how is class identity learned
- family-restricted or elaborated code - school- through setting or streaming, labelling and teacher expectations - media- soap operas, documentaries and the news
49
where and how is ethnic identity learned
- family- food eaten, religion followed - school- they my teach the language of the country - media- some ethnic minorities may be portrayed negatively
50
where and how is national identity learned
- family-language spoken at home, festivals celebrated, films watched together - school-assemblies, school holidays, national festivals, - media- shows national sporting events, important occasions such as Remembrance Day
51
informal agencies of social control
- family -peer groups - religion - media
52
gender
social differences between males and females
53
social construct
an idea that has been created and accepted by the people in a society.
54
what did ann oakley discover in her 1982 research
In her 1982 research, Oakley found that parents push their children towards gender-appropriate toys. Common examples are pink toys for girls and blue toys for boys, or dolls for girls and action figures for boys.
55
ethnicity
cultural group a person belongs to
56
nationality
legal citizenship of a country
57
functionalist view of social control
l positive as it maintains social order/cohesion
58
marxist view of social control
negative as it is used by the ruling class to control the working class
59
feminist view of social control
negative as it is used by men to control women

Sociology (5 decks)

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