Cultural Variation

Question 1

Cultural variation

Answer 1

The way they that different groups of people vary in terms of their social practices and the effects these practices have on development and behaviour

Question 2

Individualistic cultures

Answer 2

Western cultures
Individual emphasis
Autonomy
Self actualisation

Question 3

Collectivist culture

Answer 3

Eg Japan
Group emphasis
Independent group goals

Question 4

Meta analysis

Answer 4

A combination of the results of multiple different studied

Question 5

Who did the cross cultural variation of attachment?

Answer 5

Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg

Question 6

Aim of cross cultural study

Answer 6

To find out whether the promotions of secure, insecure avoidant and insecure resistant children were the same in all culture

Question 7

Procedure of study

Answer 7

Conducted a meta analysis of the findings of 32 studies across 8 countries

Question 8

Participants

Answer 8

Approx 2000 across 8 different countries

Question 9

Findings

Answer 9

Secure attachment is the norm across all cultures- support bowlby

There was more variation within cultures then between cultures (1.5x greater)

Avoidance is higher in individualistic western cultures (Germany)

Resistance is higher in collectivist cultures (japan)
Resistance is least common in more studies

Question 10

Tronick et al

Answer 10

Studied an African Tribe where infants were looked after and breastfed by different women but usually sleep with their mothers at night
Despite such differences in child wearing practices the infants still showed primary attachment to their mothers

Question 11

Takahashi Study

Answer 11

SD study in Japan
High IR (32%) supports van…
In 90% of the cases, high distress

Question 12

Simonelli

Answer 12

Assessed 76 babies aged 12mths using the ss
50% were secure 36% insecure avoidant
Lower rate of secure attachment and higher rate of insecure avoidant attachment than had been found in other studies