cultural variations

Question 1

what is a collectivist culture

Answer 1

working together as a group to achieve common goals

Question 2

what is an individualistic culture

Answer 2

working independently to achieve success/goals

Question 3

what was the aim of Van Ijzendoorn & Kroonenburg’s study

Answer 3

to see if there are inter cultural variations in attachments

Question 4

what was Van Ijzendoorn & Kroonenburg’s procedure ?

Answer 4

• conducted a meta analysis in which they analysed the result of 32 seperate studies in 8 different countries using the SS method .
• 2000 total babies studied

Question 5

what were the findings of Van Ijzendoorn & Kroonenburg’s study ?

Answer 5

• most common attachment type in all countries was secure
• more avoidant infants in countries like germany (35%) compaired to countries like japan (5%)
• more resistant infants in coutnries like isreal, japan, china (25-29%) compaired to countries like the UK (5%)
• intra-cultural variations found as in 2 japan studies 1 had no avoidant infants but the ither had 20%

Question 6

what were the conclusions of Van Ijzendoorn & Kroonenburg’s study

Answer 6

• inter and intra cultural variations in attachment
• supports the idea that secure attachment is the best for healthy social and emotional development

Question 7

how are children raised in japan

Answer 7

• very dependent on mothers
• rarely sperated

Question 8

how are children raised in germany

Answer 8

• encouraged to be independent
• typically left alone or with unfamilular people from a young age

Question 9

A weakness of cross cultural variations

ethnocentric

Answer 9

I: SS procedure used to investigate cultural variations is ethnocentric
E: procedure was developed in america and the results were interpreted using the countries norms of what is concdered secure. this may not apply to other cultures
C: the SS may be a culturally bias procedure for studying cultural variations in attachment

Question 10

ren

A weakness of cross cultural variations

bias

Answer 10

I: Van Ijzendoorn study used a meta analysis which creates issues with sampling bias
E: over 1/2 the 32 studies were carried out in america. a total of 27 were carried out in western countries. some of the sample sizes were very small - a japan study contained 1 ppts
C: the findings may not be representitive of all cultures

Question 11

A weakness of cross cultural variations

ethical

Answer 11

I: particular ethical issues with using the SS to measure attachment types in other countries
E: during the SS procedure, infant is spererated several times from its mother while in a strange enviroment. this can be highly distressing for infants, especially from japan as they are raley sperated from their caregivers
C: using the SS to measure attachment types in other cultures may not protect participants from psychological harm