Cultural variations in attachment

Question 1

Procedure of Van Ijzendoorm and Kroonenberg

Answer 1

A meta-analysis using the strange situation to measure the proportions of each attachment category

Question 2

Van Ijzendoorm and Kroonenberg sample

Answer 2

32 studies across 8 countries

Question 3

What countries were used in Van Ijzendoorm and Kroonenberg’s study

Answer 3

Britain
USA
China
Japan
Germany

Question 4

Which country had the highest amount of secure children

Answer 4

Britain 75%

Question 5

Why did Britain have the highest amount of secure children

Answer 5

Strange situation reflects individualistic cultures that have the norm of secure attachment

Question 6

Which country had the highest amount of avoidant children

Answer 6

Germany 35%

Question 7

Why did Germany have the highest amount of avoidant children

Answer 7

‘Cold’ mothering style is used to encourage independence and obedience

Question 8

Which country had the highest level of resistant children

Answer 8

Japan 27%

Question 9

Why did Japan have the highest level of resistant children

Answer 9

Dependency is encouraged

Question 10

Which country had the lowest levels of secure children

Answer 10

China 50%

Question 11

Why did China have the lowest levels of secure children

Answer 11

Collectivist cultures emphasise community and whole family, there is no official primary caregiver.

Question 12

Variation within the cultures

Answer 12

1.5 times higher within cultures than between them.

Question 13

Simonelli procedure

Answer 13

76 one year old babies in Italy

Question 14

Findings of Simonelli

Answer 14

50% more secure
36% more insecure

Question 15

Explanation of Simonelli’s findings

Answer 15

Mothers work longer hours and use more childcare.

Question 16

Weaknesses of cultural variations study

Answer 16

Assumes whole country is one culture,
Socially sensitive
Economic implications
Culturally biased.