culture

Question 1

define ‘culture’

Answer 1

the way of life of a group of people, including norms and values

Question 2

name the 7 aspects of culture

Answer 2

• dress and costume (e.g wedding dresses)
• religious beliefs and practices
• language, codes and dialects
• heritage (history/traditional)
• musical forms and styles
• foods and eating
• norms and expected behaviours

Question 3

define ‘cultural diversity’

Answer 3

the recognition and acceptance of cultural differences in society

Question 4

what is multiculturalism and what did David Cameron say about it in 2010?

Answer 4

having different cultures

failed experiment

Question 5

define ‘subcultural group’

Answer 5

when an entire group behaves differently from most

Question 6

what is con conformity to accepted rules called?

Answer 6

deviance

deviating from rules, codes, normal behaviours and values e.g roadmen

Question 7

what are the two types of culture?

Answer 7

• material culture: tools/weapons/written records/clothing etc, the usage and consumption of objects as well as rituals/behaviours that objects take part in
• non-material culture: ideas, beliefs, values and norms that may shape society e.g British values

Question 8

compare individualism and collectivism

Answer 8

• individualism: ‘i’ consciousness, take care of yourself, right of privacy, personal opinion expected, speaking one’s mind is healthy
• collectivism: people born into extended families which protect them, harmony maintained, ‘we’ consciousness, stress on belonging

Question 9

advantages and disadvantages of individualism

Answer 9

• advantages: likely to be highly motivated to preserve health of self and immediate family, likely to worry about needs of country before those overseas
• disadvantages: won’t make sacrifice, not society driven, measures like lockdown to be fought over, idea of libertarianism

Question 10

advantages and disadvantages of collectivism

Answer 10

• advantages: easily persuaded to do things for the greater good, community focused, thinks of bigger pictures, work as a community
• disadvantages: lack of tolerance of indifference, lack of individual decision making/responsibility, unquestioning trust in the State and the rules

Question 11

religion: functionalism, marxism, weberianism

Answer 11

• Durkheim (1965): set of beliefs/series of rituals and practices that hold social groups together
• Marx (1876): set of beliefs that act as a way of satisfying the position/power of the ruling class
• Weber (1920): religion/religious beliefs are an important social dynamic as religious beliefs offer a sense of meaning to the individual and offer guidelines as to correct behaviour

Question 12

define ‘cultural universal’

Answer 12

aspects of culture which are found in every culture

Question 13

Margaret Mead 1935: gender and norms

Answer 13

• studied tribal cultures in Samoa/New Guinea and found that cultural differences were very different:
  
  • Arapesh tribe: both genders gentle/cooperative
  • Mundugumor tribe: both genders violent/aggressive
  • Tchambuli people: women dominant while men were timid and decorated themselves (opposite to US)