Culture and Occupation Flashcards
What is culture?
A complex system of multiple universal elements, such as languages, values, traditions, and behaviors, that coalesce, in different combinations, to create a whole
Describe culture from a historical perspective.
From a historical perspective, culture encompasses traditions that are passed on from one generation to the next.
Describe culture from a behavioral perspective.
From a behavioral perspective, culture constitutes the learned and accepted ways of behavior or conducting oneself.
Describe culture from a symbolic perspective.
The symbolic perspective of culture is the shared subjective meanings of a group or society.
Describe culture from a structural perspective.
The structural perspective of culture includes patterns and interrelated ideas, symbols, or behaviors.
Describe culture from a normative perspective.
From a normative perspective, culture comprises the prescribed ideals, values, and rules for belonging to a group.
Describe culture’s external attributes.
Culture as external is visible and observable and provides evidence of human development through interactions with and transformation of the environment.
Ex: Food, art, literature, festivals, traditional clothes
Describe culture’s internal attributes.
Culture as internal refers to aspects of culture that are expressed in individual lives, particularly in ways people behave in certain situations.
Ex: Gestures, facial expressions, and behavioral norms
What is high-context culture?
People from a high-context culture know more about others in their cultural group implicitly and thus can understand the meaning of what is said without it being stated explicitly.
Fewer words used.
What is low-context culture?
In low-context cultures, communication is clear and transparent even to those outside the cultural group. Communication is explicitly, specific, and detailed to ensure the meaning is understood by people of diverse backgrounds or contexts, and the individual seems themselves as distinct from the group.
People from low-context cultures may miss the implied meaning in communication by people from high-context culture.
A popular and longstanding framework for understanding the culture of countries, organizations, and groups has 5 major dimensions:
Power distance: refers to one’s social position relative to the distribution of power in society.
Individualism versus collectivism: refers to the degree of the individual’s dependence or interdependence on others.
Uncertainty avoidance: involves the degree to which a society is able to tolerate an uncertain and ambiguous future.
Masculinity versus femininity: refers to cultures that value masculine traits.
Time orientation: refers to the relative degree to which a society values the past, present, and future.
What is emic knowledge?
Cultural knowledge acquired early in life through socialization.
It forms a view of how the world operates that is taken for granted.
What is etic knowledge?
Information acquired explicitly in theoretical ways or through observation
What is socialization?
The process by which people acquire the characteristics of a culture group
What are culture codes?
Symbols and systems of meaning that are relevant to members of a particular culture or society.
They influence how people process information, conduct their social lives, and assign hidden meanings to things.
Describe migration patterns.
Migration patterns are highly varied, complex, and specific to migrants’ local-level social, economic, and political contexts
It is a consequence of the larger global economic and social processes of development and globalization.
What is ethnogenesis?
Ethnogenesis describes the hybrid culture that evolves through the blending of home or heritage culture and host or receiving culture.
When does acculturation occur?
When people encounter and experience cultures that are different from their original culture; these transformative experiences shape and alter people, their occupations, and their environments.
What is cultural pluralism?
Cultural pluralism is a society in which individuals from different cultural groups coexist, enjoy the freedom to retain their cultural practices, and participate in the larger society.
What is code switching?
Code switching describes the mixing of languages that happens with bilingual or multilingual speakers.
Can be expanded to include mixing behaviors and attitudes as adaptive strategies to cope with the stress of navigating different cultural spaces.
It is used by members of all cultural groups to fit in, to stand apart, or to communicate in a tacit manner in a context different from their most proximal or familiar context.
What does the intersection framework say about individuals?
According to the Intersection Framework, individuals occupy multiple social locations on the basis of their gender, social class, education, citizenship, sexual orientation, ability, age, and race and ethnicity.
What are 2 unique perspectives of the Intersection Framework?
It considers the intersections among multiple issues.
It takes into account the social and political institutional inequities and power differentials that lead to and perpetuate cumulative disadvantages of certain disenfranchised groups.
