Culture, Demographics, and Social Inequality Flashcards
(122 cards)
1
Q
Culture
A
refers to a shared way of life, including beliefs and practices that a social group shares
2
Q
Symbolic culture
A
consists of symbols that are recognized by. people of the same culture
3
Q
Material culture
A
involves physical objects or artifacts (clothing, hairstyle, food, design of homes)
4
Q
Non-material culture
A
specific to social thoughts and ideas, such as values
5
Q
Popular culture
A
used. to describe. features of. culture that appeal to the masses, often those communicated through mass media
6
Q
High culture
A
describes those features often limited. to the consumption of the elite
7
Q
Values
A
can. be defined as a culture’s standard for evaluating what is good or bad
8
Q
Belief
A
convictions or principles. that people hold
9
Q
Norms
A
visible and invisible rules of social conduct within a society
10
Q
Cultural Diffusion
A
transfer of elements of culture from one social group to another
11
Q
Cultural compentence
A
effective interactions between people from different cultures
12
Q
Cultural transmission
A
process through which this information is spread across generations, or the mechanisms of learning
13
Q
Social change
A
societies experience a change in state. Can be subtle, like development of new linguistic phrases or radical like revolution
14
Q
Cultural lag
A
cultures take time to catch up with technological innovations; social problems and conflicts are caused by this lag
15
Q
Culture shock
A
personal disorientation a person may feel when experiencing an unfamiliar way of life. due to immigration, a visit to a new country, or a move between social environments
16
Q
Reverse culture shock
A
involves same experiences, but upon an individual’s return to their initial environment
17
Q
Assimilation
A
the process by which a person or a group’s culture comes to resemble those of another group
18
Q
Multiculturalism
A
the preservation of various cultures or cultural identities within a single unified society
19
Q
Ethonocentrism
A
the belief in the inherent superiority of ones own ethnic group or culture
20
Q
Cultural Relativism
A
the principle that an individual human’s beliefs and activities should be understood by others in terms of that individual’s own culture
21
Q
Population growth rate
A
the rate of population change in a specified time period, reported as a percentage of the initial population
22
Q
Overpopulation
A
there are more people than can be sustained
23
Q
Carrying capacity
A
total possible population that can be supported with relevant resources. and. without significant negative effects in a given area
24
Q
Population projections
A
estimates of future populations made from mathematical extrapolations of previous data
25
Crude birth rate
annual number of births per 1,000 people in a population
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Crude death rate
annual number of deaths per 1,000 persons in a population
27
Rate of population change
difference between the crude birth rate and crude death rate
28
General fertility rate
annual number of births per 1,000 women in a population
29
Total fertility rate
predicts the total number of births per single woman in a population with the assumption that the woman experiences the current record age-specific fertility rates and reaches the end of her reproductive life
30
Replacement fertility rate
fertility rate at which the population will remain balanced
31
Sub-replacement fertility
indicates that the birth rate is less than the death rate, thus population size will not be sustained
32
Population lag effect
refers to the fact that changes in total fertility rates are often not. reflected in the birth rate for several generations
33
Mortality
refers to the death rate in a population
34
Morbidity
refers to the nature and extend of disease in a population
35
Prevalence rate
measures. the number of individuals experiencing a disease
36
Incidence rate
measures the number of new cases of a disease
37
Infant mortality rate
annual number of deaths per 1,000 infants under one year of age
38
Life expectancy
the number of years that an individual at a given age can expect to live at present mortality rates
39
Migration
geographical movement of individuals, families or other small or large groups of people
40
Nomadism
non-permanent travel for leisure, polgrimage, or seasonal reasons
41
External migration
migration to another nation, motivations for external migration are often economic or political in nature
42
Internal migration
migration to another region of the same nation
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Voluntary migration
result of internal factors (personal decision)
44
Involuntary/forced migration
result of external factors that pose a threat to the individual in their environment and are often a form of social control such as ethnic cleansing
45
Settlers
migrate to unsettled areas
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Refugees
migrate to settled areas as a result of displacement
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Immigration
entering a new area
48
Emigration
leaving an old area
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Colonization
involves migration to settled areas in which dominance is exerted over the foreign state
50
Push Factors
things that are unattractive about an area and push people to leave, often economic, political, religious
51
Pull Factors
are attractive about an area and pull people there, often positive opportunities for economic, political, or religious freedom and success
52
Urbanization
growth of urban areas, tied to industrialization
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Rural flights
migration from rural areas to urban areas
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Suburbanization
populations growth on the fringes of urban areas as people move from urban areas to suburban areas
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Urban sprawl
migration of people from urban areas to otherwise remote areas
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urban blight
negative effect of urban sprawl, occurs when less functioning areas of large cities degrade as a result of urban decline
57
Gentrification
renovation of urban areas in a process of urban renewal. Often specific to the introduction of wealthier residents to the cities who then help to restore the existing infrastructure, which alters the region's demographics and economics
58
Demographic Transition Model
societies transition from high birth rate and high death rates to low birth and death rates as a result of a country's development from pre-industrial to industrial framework due to economic and social changes
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Pre-industrial stage
high birth and death rates
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Industrial stage
high birth rates but death rates fall, leading to population growth
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Post-industrial stage
low birth and death rates; population stabilizes
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Malthusian Theory
unchecked population growth would quickly exceed carrying capacity, leading to overpopulation and catastrophes
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Positive checks
raise death rate like disease, disasters, hunger, and wars
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Preventative checks
lower birth rate, like abstinence, birth control, late marriage and same sex relationships
65
Malthusian catastrophe
occurs when the means of sustinence are not enough to support the population resulting in the population reduction through actual or predicted famine
66
Demograpy
study of human population dynamics including size, structure and distribution of a population and changes in population over time due to birth, death and migration
67
Minorities
demographic groups. that recieve differential treatment through process of prejudice and discrimination due to shared characteristics, considered inferior
68
Dominant groups
those with social power to assign labels
69
Age
position between birth and death is measured through age
70
Age cohorts
example of statistical cohorts in which a group of subjects share the characteristics of age
71
Generations
group of people born in the same period
72
Population aging
occurs when there is a disproportionate amount of older people in a population
73
Ageism
prejudice or discrimination. against a person based on age
74
Sex
biological characteristic. that is assigned at birth and permanent in most cases. Physical/physiological differences. Cateogories are male (XY) female (XX) and intersex (born with ambiguous sexual traits)
75
Gender
social characteristic that is based on behavioural role expectations. Influenced by both nature and nurture
76
Sexism
prejudice or discrimination against a person based on gender or sex, often against women
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Transgendered
gender identities that are inconsistent with their biological sex divisions. May become transexual, if making permanent changes to their bodies
78
Race
description of a distinct social group based on certain shared characteristics (physical characteristics)
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Ethnicity
shared cultural characteristics
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Racism
prejudice and actions that discriminate based on rase, or hold that one rase is inferior to another
81
Racialization or ethnicization
social process in which the dominant group ascribe racial or ethnic identities, percieved or real, to groups that do not otherwise relate to the labels
82
Sexual orientation
describes the direction of a person's romantic or sexual attraction or behaviour
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Heterosexual
orientation towards the opposite gender or sex
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Homosexual
orientation towards the same gender or sex
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Bisexual
the orientation towards both genders or sexes
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Pansexual
attracted to people irrespective of gender or sex
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Asexuality
lack of sexual attraction
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Kinsey Scale
assigns a number from 0 (exclusively heterosexual) to 6 (exlusively homosexual) that places each individual along this continum
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Heterosexism
prejudice or discrimination against a person based on their sexual orientation towards the same sex (homophobic attitutes)
90
Heteronormative beliefs
enforce strict gender roles and involve prejudice and discrimination against non-heterosexual individuals
91
4 periods of immigration
1) seventeenth and eighteenth centuries - english colonists migrate to US
2) mid nineteenth century - most migrants from northern Europe
3) early twentieth century - most migrants came from southern and eastern Europe (ex. Jewish refugee in WWII)
4) late twentieth century to present - majority have been from Asia and Latin America
92
Globalization
process of increasing interdependence of societies and connections between people across the world
93
Outsourcing
contracting of third parties for specific operations
94
Non-government organizations
organizations without an official government affiliation with the intention of contributing. to the lessening of global issues
95
Relative deprivation
conscious experience of individuals or. groups that do not have the resources needed for the social experiences and services that are seen as appropriate to their social position
96
Social Stratification
refers to the way that people are categorized in society
97
Caste system
describes a closed stratification where people can do nothing to change the category that they are. born into
98
Class system
considers both social variables and individual initiative; groups together people of similar wealth, income, education..., but the classes. are open (people can strive to reach higher classes)
99
Meritocracy
uses merit, or personal effort to establish social standings
100
Socioeconomic Status (SES)
defined in terms of power (ability to get others to do something) property, and prestige (reputation in society)
101
Social Mobility
ability to move up or down within the social stratification system. involves physical, social and cultural capital
102
Upward mobility
refers to an increase in social class
103
Downward mobility
decrease in social class
104
Intergenerational mobility
occurs when there is an increase or decrease in social class between parents and children
105
Intragenerational mobility
describes the differences in social class between different members of the same generation
106
Social reproduction
occurs when social inequality is transmitted from one generation to the next
107
Cultural capital
non-financial social assets that promote social mobility
108
Social capital
potential for social networks to allow for upward social mobility
109
Privelige
set of advantages available exclusively to a person or group
110
Residential segregation
physical separation of groups into different areas, typically along the lines of race, ethnicity, or SES
111
Environmental Injustice
low SES and minority groups tend to live in areas where environmental hazards and toxins are high
112
Food desert
area in highly populated lower-income urban environments, where healthy, fresh food is difficult to obtain
113
Prejudice
involves pre-concieved judgement towards people based on their group membership
114
Discrimination
biased treatment of an individual based on group membership
115
Social segregation
tendency of people from the same social groups to interact with each other and have minimal contact with individuals from other social groups
116
Relative poverty
inability to meet the average standard of living within a society
117
Absolute poverty
inability to meet a bare minimum of basic necessities, including clean drinking water, food, safe housing, and reliable access to health care
118
Marginal poverty
due to lack of stable employment
119
Structural poverty
due to underlying and pervasive effects of the society's institutions
120
Social epidemiology
study of the distribution of health and disease across a population
121
Gender bias
when men and women recieve different treatment
122
Health care disparities
population-specific differences in the presence of disease, health outcomes and quality of health care across different social groups
