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IGCSE Sociology > Culture, Identity and Socialisation > Flashcards

Culture, Identity and Socialisation Flashcards

1
Q

Culture

A

The way of life of a society.

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2
Q

Beliefs

A

Statements that people hold to be true.

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3
Q

Values

A

Standards shared by members of a culture and used to judge wether behaviour is right or wrong.

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4
Q

Norms

A

The behaviour that societies expect of their members in particular situations.

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5
Q

Social interaction

A

Any situation in which two or more people have social contact with each other.

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6
Q

Customs

A

Norms in a particular society that are widely accepted and carry on over time.

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7
Q

Laws

A

Rules that are given force by being formalised by governments.

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8
Q

Status

A

A position that someone has in a society; status can be ascribed (fixed by others) or achieved.

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9
Q

Role

A

The patterns of behaviour expected of someone because of their status in society.

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10
Q

Social institutions

A

Parts of society that have their own sets of norms and values, such as the family and the school system.

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11
Q

Social identity

A

Individuals’ perception of themselves, based partly on ideas about how others see them.

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12
Q

Gender

A

The roles and expectations associated with being male or female.

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13
Q

Stereotype

A

The attributes that people think (often wrongly) characterise a group.

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14
Q

Social control

A

Ways in which members of society are made to conform to norms and values.

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15
Q

Rewards

A

A positive sanction so that someone is praised or is better off.

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16
Q

Sanctions

A

Ways of rewarding or punishing acceptable or unacceptable behaviour, usually used in the sense of punishment (negative sanctions).

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17
Q

Sub-culture

A

A group within a larger culture that has its own distinctive norms and values.

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18
Q

Youth sub-culture

A

A sub-culture of adolescents or young adults that is usually distinguishable by their style, dress and musical preference.

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19
Q

Value consensus

A

General agreement across a society on a set of values.

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20
Q

Social conformity

A

Acting in accordance with norms and social expectations.

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21
Q

Informal social control

A

Ways of controlling behaviour imposed by people without a formal role to do so (such as peers).

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22
Q

Peer group

A

People of the same status (for example, they are the same age).

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23
Q

Ostracism

A

Excluding someone from the community or group.

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24
Q

Formal social control

A

Social control imposed by a person or organisation (such as a teacher or a police officer) who has the authority to implement rules or laws.

25
Q

Agencies of socialisation

A

Institutions in which people are socialised.

26
Q

Primary socialisation

A

The first and most important period of socialisation in which the individual learns the basic norms of behaviour.

27
Q

Hidden curriculum

A

What pupils learn in schools apart from the content of lessons, such as the importance of following rules and the consequences of not doing so.

28
Q

Peer pressure

A

The influence that a peer group has to force or persuade its members to conform.

29
Q

Coercion

A

The use or threat of force or violence.

30
Q

Social order

A

The ways in which societies and their institutions remain stable over time.

31
Q

Childhood

A

The period before adulthood, in which individuals are not granted full adult rights.

32
Q

Adulthood

A

When an individual is accepted by their culture as a full member.

33
Q

Masculinity

A

The expected behaviour associated with being male.

34
Q

Ethnic minority

A

An ethnic group that is relatively small in number compared with the majority in a society and is seen as different.

35
Q

Globalisation

A

The complex process by which different cultures around the world are increasingly aware of, interact with and influence each other.

36
Q

Global culture

A

The idea that as a result of globalisation there is or will be a single culture shared by people all around the world.

37
Q

Diversity

A

Where there are many differences; cultural diversity refers to the wide differences between human cultures.

38
Q

Lifestyle

A

The typical way of life of an individual, group or culture.

39
Q

Cultural relativism

A

Considering all cultures on their own terms rather than from a Western point of view.

40
Q

Multicultural society

A

A society in which many different cultures or sub-cultures exist alongside each other.

41
Q

Ethnicity/race

A

Ethnicity refers to cultural differences such as language and religion as well as place of origin; race refers to supposed biological differences between different groups of people.

42
Q

Social construction

A

The idea that social situations and events are constructed - made - by societies: they do not exist in nature as independent things.

43
Q

Age groups

A

Ways in which people of the same or similar age share a status and associated roles.

44
Q

Elderly

A

Belonging to the age group of those advanced in years.

45
Q

Child-centred

A

A society in which children are highly valued and a lot of time and effort are devoted to their well-being.

46
Q

Secondary socialisation

A

Later socialisation, usually involving learning more specific norms for particular statuses and roles.

47
Q

Imitation

A

Young children learning by copying the behaviour of others.

48
Q

Role modelling

A

Acting as an example so that this behaviour is copied by others.

49
Q

Sex

A

Being male or female (based on biological indicators such as XX and XY chromosomes).

50
Q

Manipulation

A

How parents and others encourage some behaviour and discourage other behaviour.

51
Q

Canalisation

A

Channeling children towards activities that are considered appropriate for them (for example, because of their gender).

52
Q

Social class

A

A form of social stratification in which people are grouped at different levels in the social hierarchy, the most common of which are the upper, middle and working class.

53
Q

Inadequate socialisation

A

When socialisation is incomplete or ineffective.

54
Q

Feral children

A

‘Wild’ children who have not been socialised.

55
Q

Nature

A

The influence of biological factors on human behaviour in the nature/nurture debate.

56
Q

Nurture

A

The influence of society and culture on human behaviour in the nature/nurture debate.

57
Q

Role conflict

A

When someone finds that the demands of two or more of their roles clash with each other.

58
Q

Adolescence

A

The period of growing up between childhood and adulthood.

59
Q

Femininity

A

The expected behaviour associated with being female.

IGCSE Sociology (3 decks)

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