Culture, Socialisation and Identity

Question 1

Values

Answer 1

Principals and beliefs society judges to be important

Question 2

Norms

Answer 2

Behaviour which is normal and therefore socially acceptable. Governs all aspects of behaviour from personal hygiene to dress sense. Often reflects values

Question 3

Subculture

Answer 3

Minority group of people who share norms, values, beliefs and dress codes, amongst other things, which mark them as differ from the dominant mainstream culture they exist alongside

Question 4

What can subcultures be based on?

Answer 4

• Age
• Political beliefs
• Ethnicity
• Religion
• Dress Sense

Question 5

Culturally Diverse

Answer 5

Societies that contain a variety of cultural or ethnic groups

Question 6

High Culture

Answer 6

Cultural products or activities that are allocated exceptionally high status due to supposedly representing humanity’s finest achievements, thought to be most appreciated by the upper classes. Examples include the Opera and Ballet

Question 7

Popular Culture

Answer 7

Refers to activities enjoyed by the mass of the population, which are viewed - particularly by those subscribed to high culture activities - as shallow, dumbed-down, trivial and inferior. Examples include pop music and the cinema

Question 8

Global Culture (Globalisation)

Answer 8

The growing trend where some cultural products and services are becoming universal because they are produced and marketed globally by transnational corporations

Question 9

Transnational Corporations

Answer 9

Large product companies who conduct their business in various parts of the world, buying and selling simultaneously around the globe

Question 10

Identity

Answer 10

How we see ourselves and how others see us

Question 11

Cultural Hybridity

Answer 11

When cultures mix, often due to immigration or mixing of regional culture

Question 12

Multicultural

Answer 12

Containing and tolerating a diversity of ethnic groups living alongside each other

Question 13

Primary Socialisation

Answer 13

The first and most important part of the socialisation process that occurs in early childhood, when one generation (parents/guardians) teaches the next (children) the dominant cultural values and norms. Parents use positive and negative sanctions to teach the difference between right and wrong, and act as positive role models

Question 14

Positive Sanctions

Answer 14

• Praise
• Gifts
• Treats

Question 15

Negative Sanctions

Answer 15

• Punishments
• Verbal beratement

Question 16

Agencies of Socialisation

Answer 16

• Family
• Peer Group
• Education
• Media
• Religion
• Workplace

Question 17

Secondary Socialisation

Answer 17

Life-long process that continues beyond childhood, teaching further norms and values that may not have been taught by parents

Question 18

Agents of Socialisation: Family

Answer 18

Main agency of primary socialisation. Functionalists see the female as expressive leader who is mainly responsible for nurturing and socialisation of children

Question 19

Agents of Socialisation: The Peer Group

Answer 19

Those of a similar age including friendship networks but also those in same year groups and subcultures. Strong desire to conform due to wish to be liked by peers, which can lead to negative behaviours and disregarding norms/values

Question 20

Agents of Socialisation: Media

Answer 20

Mass media
- Feminists argue media has negative influence over female identity as presentations of women are over-sexualised and focused on ideal body image
- Young argues that mass media has created a ‘Bulimic Society’