``` total CK CK-MB myoglobin Trop 1 & 2 LDH ```

CUMM Flashcards by Maria Cabrera

high output failure

excessive need for CO

treatable

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low output failure

impaired ability to pump

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systolic failure

decreased contractility = ejection fraction 40%

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diastolic failure

smaller ventricular size = impaired filling

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pharmacological treatment for heart failure

diuretics
digitalis
phosphodiesterase inhibitors
nitrate
ACE inhibitor
beta blocker
oxygen therapy

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surgical treatment for heart failure

intra aortic balloon

VAD

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3 I’s

injury
ischemia
infarction

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biomarkers

total CK
CK-MB
myoglobin
Trop 1 &amp; 2
LDH

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pharmacological treatment for MI

reduce o2 demand
increase blood flow
beta blockers
NTG
calcium channel blockers
aspirin 
ACE inhibitor

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surgical treatment for MI

coronary bypass
stent
laser revascularization

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aspirin

inhibits platelet aggregation

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NTG

increase blood flow by dilating coronary arteries

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nitrate

vasodilator

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mitral valve stenosis

cause- rheumatic fever

valves replaced by fibrous tissue and become stiff

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mitral valve regurgitation

left side of heart

pulmonary congestion

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aortic valve stenosis

slow calcification

ventricle has time to adapt

aortic valve regurgitation

sudden increase in volume in LV, no time to adapt

pulmonary edema

FEV1/VC ratio for normal

80-90%

FEV1/VC ratio for obstructive

40%

FEV1/VC ratio for restrictive

above 90%

primary TB

has never come in contact
develop latent infection=granulomas
ppl with inadequate immune systems

secondary TB

reinfection or reactivation

bronchodilators used for asthma

B2 adrenergic agents
anticholinergic drugs
theophylline

B2 adrenergic agents

relax smooth muscles of airways
inhalers- salmeterol, formoterol
oral- albuterol

anticholinergic drugs

atropine | blocks action of acetylcholine

theophylline

inhibit activity of mast cells | relax smooth muscle

causes of emphysema

alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency | destruction of alveolar walls, lung fibrosis, air trapping

pink puffers

lack of cyanosis, fighting to ventilate not associated with bronchitis barrel chest, wasted figure

blue bloaters

non fighters- well nourished associated with bronchitis cyanosis clubbing of finger tips

osmotic diuretic

proximal tubule most effective 65% create high vol urine after ingesting toxic substance

loop diuretic

thick ascending limb 20% increase elimination of calcium and magnesium elimination

thiazide diuretics

early distal convoluted tubule 10% block Na Cl cotransport

potassium sparring diuretics

late convoluted tubule 2-5% interfere with sodium-potassium exchange reduce sodium reabsorption, reduce potassium secretion

oxygen dissociation curve

shows levels of saturation and oxygen partial pressure in arterial blood increasing temp pH exercise