cumulative

Question 1

what is the role of a neuron?

Answer 1

Neurons work in unison with one another to produce functions

Question 2

role of dendrites/cell body?

Answer 2

Receive information from other neurons

Question 3

what is the post-synaptic site?

Answer 3

the dendrites and cell body

Question 4

what is the pre-synaptic site?

Answer 4

axon terminals

Question 5

what does post-synaptic site mean?

Answer 5

• Receiving end of the synapse

- Contains receptors to bind neurotransmitter

Question 6

what does pre-synaptic site mean?

Answer 6

• Sending end of the synapse

- Filled with neurotransmitter

Question 7

what is the role of the axon?

Answer 7

to carry the message from the input zone to the output zone

Question 8

what is the role of the axon terminals?

Answer 8

Sends the message on to other cells

Question 9

what is the threshold of excitation?

Answer 9

• Change in voltage at hillock (depolarization)
• Change opens voltage-gated Na+ channels
• Change is around 5m (-70mV to -65 mV)

Question 10

step one of the action potential

Answer 10

• Voltage-gated Na+ channels open
• Na+ rushes in
• Cell rapidly depolarizes

Question 11

step two of the action potential

Answer 11

• Voltage-gated K+ channels open
• K+ starts to leave the cell
• Contributes to the cell hyperpolarizing (Not immediately noticeable because of Na+)

Question 12

step three of the action potential

Answer 12

• Na+ channels close at Na+ equilibrium (+ 50mV)
• Cell begins to hyperpolarize
• Na+ isn’t rushing in
• Na+/K+ pumps are pushing Na+ out
• K+ is still leaving via its open channels

Question 13

step four of the action potential

Answer 13

• K+ channels finally close slowly
• Cell hyperpolarizes: overshoots the resting potential
• Eventually cell comes to the resting potential

Question 14

what is the synapse?

Answer 14

Two cells communicate with one another via a chemical messenger

Question 15

what is the goal of the pre-synaptic cell?

Answer 15

get neurotransmitter into the synaptic gap

Question 16

what is the goal of the post-synaptic cell?

Answer 16

cause a ‘yes’ or ‘no’ signal

Question 17

Glutamate (Glut)

Answer 17

• Major excitatory neurotransmitter
• MDMA receptors
  - involved in learning and memory
  - Involved in excitotoxicity
  - Can happen in injury or stroke

Question 18

GABA

Answer 18

• Major inhibitory neurotransmitter

- Contains many binding sites for depressants (Alcohol, Xanax, Barbituates)

Question 19

Acetylcholine (ACh)

Answer 19

• Neurotransmitter of the neuromuscular junction
• Role in learning and memory
  - Loss of ACh in the basal forebrain is associated with Alzheimer’s disease and dementia

Question 20

Dopamine (DA)

Answer 20

-Involved in movement (Basal Ganglia)
-Loss of DA in Parkinson’s disease is associated with movement dysfunction
-Reward and pleasure (Limbic System)
-Increased DA is associated with addiction
Planning and Cognition (Cortex)
-Increased DA is associated with schizophrenia

Question 21

Norepinephrine (NE)

Answer 21

• Involved in arousal and vigilance
• Involved in emotion
• Increases in NE associated with the stress response
• Decreases in NE associated with depression

Question 22

Serotonin (5-HT)

Answer 22

• Involved in sleep, appetite, sexual function, and mood

- Decreased 5-HT is associated with anxiety and depression

Question 23

what structures make up the central nervous system?

Answer 23

brain and spinal chord

Question 24

what is the spinal chord?

Answer 24

• ‘Superhighway’
• Dorsal portion=sensory info (Body to brain)
• Ventral portion=Motor info (Brain to body)
• Spinal reflexes can act independently of the brain

Question 25

what is the brain?

Answer 25

The Hindbrain The Midbrain The Forebrain

Question 26

what are the 2 structures that make up the tectum division of the midbrain?

Answer 26

For vision: superior colliculi e.g. friend waving from across the street For sound: inferior colliculi e.g. loud ‘bang’ in the back of the classroom

Question 27

vision sensory receptor

Answer 27

photoreceptors of the retina

Question 28

hearing sensory receptor

Answer 28

hair cells of the cochlea

Question 29

touch sensory receptor

Answer 29

mechanoreceptors of skin

Question 30

pain sensory receptor

Answer 30

nociceptors of skin

Question 31

temperature sensory receptor

Answer 31

thermoreceptors of skin

Question 32

vestibular sensory receptor

Answer 32

cilia

Question 33

smell sensory receptor

Answer 33

olfactory receptors

Question 34

taste sensory receptor

Answer 34

taste receptor cells

Question 35

vision neural pathway

Answer 35

retina > LGN > V1

Question 36

hearing neural pathway

Answer 36

cochlea > Medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus (MGN) > Primary auditory cortex (A1)

Question 37

touch neural pathway

Answer 37

skin > To the ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus (VP) > To the primary somatosensory cortex (S1)

Question 38

pain neural pathway

Answer 38

skin > interlaminar nuclei (IL) of the thalamus > primary somatosensory cortex (SI)

Question 39

temperature neural pathway

Answer 39

skin > To the ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus (VP) > To the primary somatosensory cortex (S1)

Question 40

vestibular neural pathway

Answer 40

cilia > To the ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus (VP) > To the primary somatosensory cortex (S1)

Question 41

smell neural pathway

Answer 41

orc > olfactory cortex

Question 42

taste neural pathway

Answer 42

trc > Ventral posterior medial (VPM) nucleus of the thalamus > primary Gustatory cortex

Question 43

what is perception?

Answer 43

the subjective experience of a sensation

Question 44

what is sensation?

Answer 44

a neural representation of the physical world provided by a sensory system