Cumulative Biology test flashcards (Caden)
(199 cards)
1
Q
unicellular animal-like creatures in kingdom Protista; sing. protozoan
A
protozoa
2
Q
any of the “false feet” of an amoeba or other sarcodine
A
pseudopods
3
Q
unusual protozoan that has several plant-like characteristics
A
euglena
4
Q
tiny, hair-like projections that extend from the surface of many eukaryotic cells, including those in the human body
A
cilia
5
Q
disease caused by protozoa of the genus Plasmodium and transmitted by the female anopheles mosquito
A
malaria
6
Q
a long, whip-like structure used by some cells for movement, primarily in liquid environments
A
flagella
7
Q
ciliate that has a unique
slipper shape when seen in cross section
A
paramecium
8
Q
basic unit of structure and function of living things
A
cells
9
Q
the size of an organism is based on what? (has to do with cells)
A
number of cells
10
Q
study of cells; also called cell biology
A
cytology
11
Q
idea that all living things are composed of living units called cells and of cell products and that all cells come only from preexisting cells
A
cell theory
12
Q
the three main parts of a cell
A
nucleus, cell membrane, and cytoplasm
13
Q
the one thing that plants have in their cell that all other cells don’t
A
cell wall
14
Q
power plant of a cell
A
mitochondria
15
Q
organelle that serves as a shipping center of a cell
A
golgi apparatus
16
Q
cell structure that performs translation to manufacture proteins based on mRNA “blueprints” from the nucleus
A
ribosomes
17
Q
special type of vesicle that functions as a recycling center
A
lysosome
18
Q
structure in a cell that stores food materials, fluid substances, and minerals (storage plant of a cell)
A
vacuole
19
Q
“control center” of a cell, which stores the DNA
A
nucleus
20
Q
stable internal environment
A
homeostasis
21
Q
Rough endoplasmic reticulum that processes proteins
A
rough ER
22
Q
process through which a cell breaks down chemical substances such as sugars and combines them with oxygen (oxidizes them) to release energy; also called aerobic respiration
A
cellular respiration
23
Q
energy carrier of a cell
A
ATP
24
Q
process by which cells produce ATP when the oxygen required for cellular respiration is not available; used by microorganisms in a herbivorous mammal’s stomach to break down cellulose; also called anaerobic respiration
A
fermentation
25
life cycle of a cell
cell cycle
26
the stage of the cell cycle where a cell performs its normal functions, including growing, metabolizing, and replicating its DNA in preparation for division
interface
27
individual DNA molecule within a cell
chromosomes
28
process in which the nucleus of a cell divides to generate two nuclei with the same number of chromosomes as the original nucleus
mitosis
29
first stage of mitosis, in which the cell packages the chromosomes, forms the spindle apparatus, and dismantles the nucleolus and nuclear envelope
prophase
30
process through which a cell can trigger its own death when it is no longer needed or no longer able to survive; also called programmed cell death
Apoptosis
31
transmission of characteristics from parent to offspring through genes
hereditary
32
unit of genetic information, consisting of the portion of a DNA molecule that controls a particular trait
genes
33
reproduction without the union of sex cells, requiring only mitotic cell divisions
Asexual
34
process in which unspecialized cells become specialized
differentiation
35
body cell
somatic cell
36
fertilized egg cell
zygote
37
half the set of chromosomes
haploid cell
38
full set of chromosomes
diploid set
39
process in which homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material during meiosis; genetic-engineering process in which genes from one organism are inserted into a second organism
recombination
40
scientific study of heredity
genetics
41
19th-century Austrian monk who founded the modern science of genetics
gregor mendel
42
any of the different forms of a particular gene
allele
43
possessing identical alleles for a particular gene
homozygous
44
possessing two different alleles for a particular gene
heterozygous
45
trait that appears in the phenotype even if an allele for a different trait is present
dominant trait
46
trait that appears in the phenotype only if both alleles are for that trait
recessive trait
47
actual combination of alleles inherited for a particular trait
genotype
48
outcome or expression of genes in an organism’s physical appearance
phenotype
49
form of inheritance in which the phenotype of a heterozygous individual is a blend of the homozygous phenotypes
incomplete dominance
50
law stating that the segregation of one gene does not influence the segregation of another
law of independent assortment
51
situation in which genes do not obey the law of independent assortment because they are located close to each other on the same chromosome
linkage
52
describes traits located on the sex chromosomes
sex-linked
53
person who displays no symptoms of an infectious disease but harbors the pathogens in his body and can pass them on to infect others; person who has only one allele for a recessive genetic disease
carrier
54
form of inheritance in which two alleles for a trait are equally expressed in the phenotype of a heterozygous individual
codominance
55
form of inheritance in which a single gene has more than two possible alleles
multiple allele inheritance
56
form of inheritance in which a single trait is controlled by multiple genes
polygenic inheritance
57
chemical, found in the nucleus, that stores the genetic information needed for cellular function; short for deoxyribonucleic acid
DNA
58
discovered the double-helix structure of DNA
crick and watson
59
shape of DNA
Double helix
60
nucleic acid that is similar to DNA but contains ribose instead of deoxyribose
RNA
61
process in which a cell makes an mRNA copy of a particular gene
Transcription
62
consecutive sequence of three mRNA nucleotides that translates into a specific amino acid
codon
63
error in an organism’s genetic material caused by a small, random change in the DNA
mutation
64
idea that living things can arise from nonliving things
spontaneous generation
65
teaching that all living things developed from a common ancestor
evolution
66
idea that the universe consists of nothing but matter and energy and has no spiritual or supernatural aspect
materialism
67
idea that all living things are composed of living units called cells and of cell products and that all cells come only from preexisting cells
cell theory
68
systematic thought process used by scientists to collect data and assemble that data to confirm or discard a hypothesis
scientific method
69
tentative answer to a scientific problem
hypothesis
70
scientific law stating that living things can come only from other living things
law of biogenesis
71
idea that science can find answers for all the problems in life
scientism
72
presuppositions upon which a person bases his philosophy
worldview
73
false doctrine that states that the present is the only key to the past and that all things continue by natural processes at the same rate as they always have
uniformitarianism
74
book in which Charles Darwin presented his theory of evolution by natural selection
origin of species
75
“science” that attempts to improve the human species by controlling hereditary factors and selectively breeding humans to produce a “master race
eugenics
76
remains or impression of a plant, animal, or human preserved in sedimentary rock
fossils
77
“early human” fossil that was discovered near Piltdown, England, and proved to be a hoax
piltdown man
78
group of fully human fossils, first discovered in Germany’s Neander Valley, that were once considered by evolutionists to be subhuman, ape-like brutes
neanderthal man
79
similarity among organisms designed for the same environment but different in internal structure
analogy
80
similarity between organisms that have similar function and internal structure
homology
81
study of how living things interact with one another and with their physical environment
ecology
82
region where a particular organism normally lives; the organism’s environment or home
habitat
83
small area within a biome that has its own specific environmental conditions and living organisms
ecosystem
84
organism that eats another organism
carnivore
85
organism that eats plants
herbivore
86
organism that eats both other organisms and plants
omnivore
87
one-way series of steps showing the transfer of food and nutrients from one trophic level to another
food web
88
symbiotic relationship in which both organisms benefit
mutualism
89
symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits while the other is harmed
parasitism
90
man’s responsibility to manage creation in a way that balances the wise use of natural resources and their conservation
stewardship
91
using resources in a responsible way that allows their continued use
conservation
92
living organism that moves from place to place in its environment
animals
93
animals that lack a backbone
invertebrates
94
form of symmetry in which an object can be cut into identical halves along only one plane
bilateral symmetry
95
animal with four appendages or limbs
tetrapod
96
maintaining the same internal body temperature regardless of environment (warm blooded)
homeothermic
97
cold blooded
poikilothermic
98
animal that doesn't lay eggs (most mammals)
viviparous
99
animal that does lay eggs (reptiles)
oviparous
100
active at night
nocturnal
101
system, found in bats and dolphins, of producing sounds and listening for the echoes to detect objects
echolocation
102
largest group of mammals
rodentia
103
mammals that chew the cud
ruminant
104
an organism that is said to not be on this earth anymore (dinosaurs, dodo bird, wooly mammoth)
extinct
105
two-footed
bipedal
106
said to be the fastest living mammal
peregrine falcon
107
feathers that aid the bird in flight
flight feathers
108
clear second eyelid birds have
nictitating membrane
109
annual movement between different regions
migration
110
unlearned knowledge that an animal possesses from birth
instinct
111
process of keeping eggs warm
incubation
112
giving birth through eggs that hatch within the mother’s body
ovoviviparous
113
most widespread reptile
lizards
114
snake movement in which most snakes use
lateral undulation
115
bones that loosely attach a snake’s lower jaw to the skull (aid in hearing)
quadrate bone
116
reptile with a shell on their back
turtle
117
terrestrial turtle
tortoise
118
largest group of reptiles
crocodilians
119
vertebrate that live both on land and in water.
amphibians
120
organ fish use to breath
gills
121
W-shaped bands of muscle
myomeres
122
tail fin of a fish
caudal fin
123
fish that causes the most injuries to people
stingray
124
only fish without jaws
hagfish and lamprey
125
invertebrates with jointed appendages (spiders)
arthropods
126
the most varied and numerous of all God’s
living creature
insects
127
straight wings (remember ORTHOdontists straighten your teeth)
orthoptera
128
sheath wings
coleoptera
129
toothed
odonata
130
two wings
diptera
131
same wing
homoptera
132
membrane wings
hemiptera
133
scale wings
lepidoptera
134
organ in which spiders use to breath
book lung
135
One of the paired abdominal appendages of certain aquatic crustaceans, such as shrimp, lobsters, and isopods
swimmeret
136
two shelled mollusk
bivalves
137
rough, file-like gastropod organ that scrapes food and carries it into the digestive tract
radula
138
free-swimming coelenterate that has a medusa body form and undergoes alternation of generations
jellyfish
139
free-living flatworm
planarian
140
study of plants
botany
141
study of living things
biology
142
individual living thing
organisms
143
group of structures designed to function together as a unit to perform a particular job for an organism’s body
system
144
structure within a system that has a definite form and performs a definite function or functions for the system
organ
145
plant vascular tissue that transports water and dissolved minerals UPWARD from the roots to the leaves
xylem
146
plant vascular tissue that transports food manufactured in the leaves downward
phloem
147
process whereby a plant’s chloroplasts capture the radiant energy of light and convert it into the chemical energy of food
photosynthesis
148
simple sugar produced by photosynthesis
glucose
149
reproductive structure of an angiosperm
flower
150
transfer of pollen from an anther to the stigma of a pistil
pollination
151
process in which a sperm cell fuses with an egg cell to form a new organism
fertilization
152
reproductive cell (sperm cell or egg cell)
gametes
153
period of inactivity, which helps prevent seeds from sprouting when conditions are unfavorable for the growth of young plants
doramancy
154
growth in length
primary growth
155
inner portion of a woody stem, made of older xylem tubes that have become clogged and been sealed off
heartwood
155
thick stem that grows horizontally underground to provide food storage and cause vegetative reproduction, such as the underground stem of a fern
rhizome
156
root system in which the primary root grows straight down and remains larger than the secondary roots that branch off from it, penetrating the soil with relatively little branching
taproot
157
one-way diffusion through a semipermeable membrane
osmosis
158
one of the main groups into which all organisms are divided in the Linnaean system of classification
kingdom
159
plant that does not produce flowers but does produce seeds
gymnosperm
160
life cycle, found in ferns, mosses, and some other plants, that involves both asexual and sexual reproduction in alternating generations
alternation of generation
161
organism that obtains nutrition from dead organisms
saprophyte
162
provides support and rigidity to the body
skeletal system
163
system that is responsible for the continuation of the human race
reproductive system
164
group of similar cells that work together to perform a particular task for an organ
tissue
165
TIssue that joins bone to bone
ligaments
166
longest bone in the body
femur
167
tissue that joins muscle to bone
tendons
168
bones designed for protection
flat bones
169
inflammation of the joints
arthritis
170
largest and strongest muscle in the body
gluteus maximus
171
muscle degeneration through lack of use
atrophy
172
principal organ of the nervous system
brain
173
quick automatic response
reflex
174
part of the brain that is responsible coordination and fine tuning movements
cerebellum
175
most common drug in the world today
alcohol
176
organs responsible for taste
taste buds
177
chemical processes of life
metabolism
178
organic compound consisting of the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in about a 1:2:1 ratio
carbohydrates
179
energy carrier of a cell
ATP
180
most important organ for digestion and absorption
small intestine
181
pancreatic hormone that signals the liver and muscles to remove glucose from the blood and store it as glycogen
insulin
182
painful infection of the colon that causes severe diarrhea and cramps accompanied by blood in the feces
dysentery
183
liquid portion of the blood
plasma
184
: blood cell that functions as part of the immune system, helping the body fight disease
white blood cells
185
Universal recipient blood type
AB+ blood type
186
Universal donor blood type
O-
187
world's most efficient pump
heart
188
medical name for high blood pressure
hypertension
188
carriers blood away from the heart
arteries
188
AKA voicebox
larynx
189
most important organ for the excretory system
kidneys
190
artificial kidney
dialysis
191
growth hormone
somatotropin
192
body's sleep hormone
melatonin
193
fertilization
conception
194
An epidemic that affects a large portion of the earth
pandemic
195
Y-shaped protein molecules
antibodies
196
virus that causes AIDS
HIV
