cumulative final Flashcards
1
Q
what is a motor skill
A
motor action with an outcome in mind/ goal-directed movement
2
Q
what is motor behavior
A
humans’ ability to produce skilled movements in response to sensory information
3
Q
what is motor development
A
change in motor behavior throughout one’s lifetime (evolution, baby learning life)
4
Q
what is motor control
A
acquisition of controlling a movement (brain)
5
Q
what is motor learning
A
practice and experience to produce a permanent change {skilled movement, sports practicing}
6
Q
what is psychophysics
A
sensation is a motor control process; perception is a motor learning process
7
Q
what is perception action-coupling
A
perception of movement-related factors is matched with motor skill actions to accomplish a movement goal
8
Q
what is the quality of skill
A
level of skill (pretty simple or general)
9
Q
what is the nature of abilities
A
where the “skill” comes from
10
Q
what is ability
A
having all the tools or instruments in order to do it correctly (without it, performance will suffer)
11
Q
what is skill
A
baking skills (different w/ everyone), performance quality
12
Q
what is knowledge
A
knowing how to bake a cake (theory), same with everyone
13
Q
what is coordination
A
body patterning segments relative to one another
14
Q
what is talent
A
combination of skill & ability
15
Q
what is an example of ability
A
Running speed, dependent on physical
16
Q
what is an example of skill
A
Stealing a base, long-distance jump knowledge of sport combined with running mechanics
17
Q
what are the 3 classifications of skills
A
discrete, serial, continuous
18
Q
what is a discrete skill
A
clear beginning & end middle steps don’t really matter, baseball pitch
19
Q
what is a serial skill
A
ordered steps, multiple discrete skills; basketball
20
Q
what is a continuous skill
A
repetitive, walking
21
Q
what are the 2 types of motor skills
A
gross and fine
22
Q
what are two types of skills based on environment
A
open and closed skills
23
Q
what is an open skill
A
a changing or response to environment
24
Q
what is an example of an open skill
A
randy johnson hitting a pigeon with a baseball, relatively unpredictable
25
what is a closed skill
relatively stable and predictable environment
26
what is an example of a closed skill
running on a track
27
how do you determine internally paced movements
person is determining, running
28
how do you determine externally paced movements
others' decisions determine their decisions, fb player running right because defender is on the left
29
what is a regulatory condition
environmental factors that directly or indirectly influence how the motor skills are performed
30
what are the 3 fleishmans categories of abilities
Physical, psychomotor, and psychological
31
what are the 5 Gentile's taxonomy of motor skills
stable body, quasi-mobile, mobile body, object manipulation, environmental context
32
what is quasi mobile
moving body but not transporting to another place (walking in place)
33
what is environmental context
open or closed skill
34
what are hierarchial theories
top down manner, highest going down
35
what are psychomotor abilities
driving
36
what happens when a weightlifter losing a weight
changes from closed to open environment
37
what is the reflex theory
reflexes are a respond to movement
38
what is the dynamic systems theory
All behavior is a combination of environment, task, and behavior
39
what is motor program theory
Ordered steps to complete a specific movement
40
what is the ecological theory
Describes that our perceptions of the environment cue the behavior, in order to get desired outcome
41
what is the systems model theory
Manipulating environment, in order to get back to full capacity
42
what is a characteristic closed loop theory
Any closed loop system has feedback (perceptions, sensations)
43
what is a characteristic open loop theory
do not use feedback at all
44
schema theory
Learning from mistakes
45
what are fitts & posner's stages of motor learning
cognitive, associative, autonomous
46
what is cognitive learning
first learning a movement
47
what is associative learning
after learning basic movement pattern, learning how to make it your own
48
what is autonomous learning
knowing it very well it apply it in different ways
49
what is the bernsteins stages of motor learning
initial, advanced, expert
50
what is initial learning
not moving limbs, only specific movements (dribbling)
51
what is advanced learning
releasing the limbs (dribbling around the cones)
52
what is expert learning
exploiting the environment (dribbing with players)
53
what is gentiles stages of motor learning
initial and later stages
54
what is the initial stage of gentiles model
acquiring movement
55
what is the later stage of gentiles model
using that movement in different environment
56
what is the role of CNS in motor development
works in combination with other body systems
57
what is the general progression
infancy, early childhood, later childhood, adolescence, early adulthood, later adulthood
58
what are areas of development
psychological, cognitive, physical
59
what are 4 stages of motor development
all systems are reflexive, reflex expression decline, increased cortical control, smooth coordinated movements
60
how does development usually occur
proximal to distal, gross to fine
61
what limits development
environment, individual and task constrains
62
what are 3 fundamental skills
nonlocomotor, locomotor, and manipulative
63
what is nonlocomotor
stable body composition
64
what is locomotor
transporting body (walking or running)
65
what is a manipulative skill
having something else involved (catching or throwing)
66
how to improve a neuron firing
temporal summation, spatial summation, and ratio excitatory
67
what is the role of the spinal cord
transmits signal to right location and executes signal
68
what is a exteroreceptor
monitors outside environment and body relative to environment
69
what are some mechanical properties of skeletal muscle
extensibility, elasticity, and contractility
70
what is extensibility of skeletal muscle
the ability to stretch
71
what is elasticity of skeletal muscle
the ability to come back to normal position after stretching
72
what is contractility of skeletal muscle
ability to contract
73
what is length tension relationship
can produce different level fo force based on the length of the sarcomere
74
what does it means when sarcomere is overstretched or under stretched
it has less force
75
what is the optimal length of sacromere
right above resting for maximal force production
76
where does increased force production come from
the elasticity of the muscle
77
what is the eccentric force velocity relationship
higher speed and more force, fast
78
what is the concentric force velocity relationship
less force and the faster you go, speed
79
what is the isometric force velocity relationship
zero speed and zero force, or a lot depending on location
80
what are concurrent movements
using favorable length-tension relationships like walking or squatting
81
what is a countercurrent movement
arrangement of multi-joint muscles leading to length tension disadvantage
82
what is a motor unit
1 motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates
83
what is an innervation ratio
the number of neurons per muscle fiber
84
what does it mean to have a higher innervation ratio
means a quicker contraction
85
what does it mean to have a lower innervation ratio
stronger contraction, usually for a bigger muscle
86
what are the two principles of motor unit behavior
all or none principle, and size principle of recruitment
87
what is the all or non principle
the entire muscle contracts if its activated
88
what is the size principle of recruitment
usually recruited from smaller to bigger units
89
how do smaller motor units recruit
fewer muscle fibers for more precise movements
90
how do larger motor units recruit
faster twitch that are not activated until 60%
91
what is the rate coding of motor units
the regulation of firing rate to modify force output
92
what is energy conservation
transferring force from the body to the tendon and back to the body, in running or hopping
93
what is power amplification
generating more force or power production muscle to tendon to body in jumping or acceleration
94
what is the power attenuation
absorbing more energy to be used again in deceleration or landing
95
what is sensory integration
seeing how we interpret or understand the world
96
what are the 2 goals of sensory systems
using sensory info to enhance motor commands, and combining sensory info with motor commands to improve motion
97
what is postural control
general alignment of the body
98
what is muscle tone
muscle resisting stretching or lengthening
99
what does it mean to have high muscle tone
a lof of "stiffness"
100
what does it mean to have low muscle tone
not a lot of "stiffness", muscle is more compliant
101
what does it mean to have sensitivity to proprioceptors
ability to detect stimulus
102
what does acuity mean
groups of receptors working together to detect stimulus
103
what is the receptive field
an area where they can sense a stimulus
104
what is kinesthesia
your bodies awareness of where it is in space using proprioceptive information
105
what are the 3 main proprioceptors
muscle spindles, golgi tendon organs, and joint kinesthesia receptors
106
what do muscle spindles do
detect stretch & speed of stretch of a muscle, and presence of tension (contraction)
107
what is reciprocal inhibition
other side muscle contraction {muscle spindles}
108
what is the golgi tendon organ
big force detectors, also actual length of tendon, causes inhibition of muscle - eccentric movements (overloading in force & length causes muscle to stop)
109
what is autogenic inhibition
ability of muscle to relax, same side muscle {golgi tendon}
110
what are joint kinesthesia receptors
actual joint and the capsule surrounding, senses position of joint
111
what encompasses the vestibular system
ear cochlear fluid allows for balance
112
what are 3 other reflexes
extensor thrust, withdraw reflex, and crossed extensor reflex
113
what is an extensor thrust reflex
something is coming toward you, you push away
114
what is a withdrawl reflex
pain is associated, touching a hot plate and pulling away
115
what is a crossed extensor reflex
stepping and feeling something, pulls leg up while extending other leg so there is no pressure on it (only on arms or legs)
116
what is optical flow
motion is happening with surrounding objects
117
what is motor development influenced by
biological & environmental factors (giving the opportunity to learn/experience)
118
what is the goal of motor development
improving or creating life skills
119
what is the goal and role of the CNS
transition from helplessness to physical independence
120
what are some areas of development
psychological, physical maturation, and cognitive
121
what is psychological development
emotional control, regulation
122
what is physical maturation development
how your bones, muscles grow
123
what are the 4 stages of motor development
movement governed by reflexes, reflex expression declines during maturation, increased cortical control, smooth and coordinated movements
124
what areas does development usually occur
cephalo-caudal, proximo-distal, gross to fine, and mass to specific
125
what is maturation
growth of muscle/bone/nerves, your mindset improves; motor development
126
what is experience
things, ways we interact with the world; motor learning
127
what is tactile perception
feeling & touching
128
what is bilateral coordination
coordinate both sides of body simultaneously
129
what is dexterity
skillful/specific hand movements
130
what are some psychological factors of development
attention level, stimulus-response compatibility, arousal level [engagement], motivation
131
what is stimulus-response compatibility
the better a stimulus matches the response = the short the reaction time
132
what is the arousal curve
balance between boredom and being fatigued with stress
133
what is validity
measures of a test and what you want to know
134
what is reliability
if it can be reproduced, can you get the same measurement consistently overtime
135
what is qualitative movement diagnosis (QMD)
movement analysis, diagnosis, skill analysis, error detection, and observation
136
what is involved in knowledge of performers
prior injuries, experience in sports, medical history, activity level, motivational level
137
what is involved in observation
watching their full game compared to half and scoring system
138
what is involved in evaluation & diagnosis
identify strengths & weaknesses, and prioritize possible ways to improve
139
what is involved in intervention
administration of feedback corrections, or other change in environment to improve performance & prevent or treat an injury
140
what is involved in providing feedback
verbal cues, videos, tactile cues, demonstration
141
what is the mechanical method of identification of faults
skilled performers do not rely on phases, they just do
142
what is the sequential method of identification of faults
breakdown of movement into phases
143
what is open loop model of movement
doesn’t rely on feedback mostly
144
what is closed loop model of movement
does rely on feedback to move to the next part
145
what is the top down approach
brain decides something & sends it to the muscles
146
what is Schmidt's schema theory
optimal learning is when the task if practiced over many different conditions
147
what is schema
a framework to work within
148
what is generalized motor programs (GMP's)
general representation of various motor actions or a class of actions
149
what are invariant characteristics
features that do not change
150
what is bilateral transfer
learning 1 skill is transferred from 1 limb to the other
151
what are 2 factors of an open looped models
invariant characteristics and parameters
152
what are the types of closed-loop feedbacks
sensory, GTO, joint movement, pain, muscular contraction, chemoreceptors, pressure sensors
