Cumulative Final Flashcards
(280 cards)
1
Q
back of the head
A
occipital
2
Q
temple area, sides of the head
A
temporal
2
Q
forehead region, anterior cranial vault
A
frontal
3
Q
eye region/orbit
A
orbital
4
Q
underneath the eye/orbit
A
infraorbital
5
Q
cheekbone area
A
zygomatic
6
Q
cheek, from perioral to ear
A
buccal
7
Q
chin
A
mental
8
Q
nose
A
nasal
9
Q
at or close to the surface
A
superficial
10
Q
farther from surface
A
deep
11
Q
cranial nerve I
A
olfactory
12
Q
cranial nerve II
A
optic
13
Q
cranial nerve III
A
oculomotor
14
Q
cranial nerve IV
A
trochlear
15
Q
cranial nerve V
A
trigeminal
16
Q
cranial nerve VI
A
abducens
17
Q
cranial nerve VII
A
facial
18
Q
cranial nerve VIII
A
vestibulocochlear
19
Q
cranial nerve IX
A
glossopharyngeal
20
Q
cranial nerve X
A
vagus
21
Q
cranial nerve XI
A
accessory
22
Q
cranial nerve XII
A
hypoglossal
23
Q
which cranial nerves are sensory
A
I- olfactory
II- optic
VIII- vestibulocochlear
24
which cranial nerves are motor
III- oculomotor
IV- trochlear
VI- abducens
XI- accessory
XII- hypoglossal
25
which cranial nerves are both sensory and motor
V- trigeminal
VII- facial
IX- glossopharyngeal
X- vagus
26
what does cranial nerve I (olfactory) signify
smell
27
what does cranial nerve II (optic) signify
vision
28
what does cranial nerve VII (vestibulocochlear) signify
balance and hearing
29
what does cranial nerve III (oculomotor) signify
most of the eye muscles
30
what does cranial nerve IV (trochlear) signify
one extraocular muscle
31
what does cranial nerve VI (abducens) signify
one extraocular muscle
32
what does cranial nerve XI (accessory) signify
trapezius, SCM
33
what does cranial nerve XII (hypoglossal) signify
tongue muscles (except palatoglossus)
34
what is the afferent function of cranial nerve V (trigeminal)
face and oral cavity, general sensation in anterior 2/3 of tongue
35
what is the efferent function of cranial nerve V (trigeminal)
muscles of mastication
36
what is the afferent function of cranial nerve VII (facial)
taste in anterior 2/3 of tongue
37
what is the efferent function of cranial nerve VII (facial)
muscles of facial expression, parasympathetic innervation of submandibular and sublingual salivary glands
38
what is the afferent function of cranial nerve IX (glossopharyngeal)
general sensation and taste in posterior 1/3 of tongue
39
what is the efferent function of cranial nerve IX (glossopharyngeal)
stylopharyngeus muscle, parasympathetic innervation of parotid salivary gland
40
what is the afferent function of cranial nerve X (vagus)
taste in epiglottis
41
what is the efferent function of cranial nerve X (vagus)
muscles of soft palate and pharynx, parasympathetic innervation of organs in thorax and abdomen
42
what is the main motor nerve of the tongue
hypoglossal (CN XII)
43
what are the general sensory nerves of the tongue
anterior 2/3: trigeminal (CN V)
posterior 1/3: glossopharyngeal (CN IX)
44
what are the special sensory nerves of taste of the tongue
anterior 2/3: chorda tympani of facial (CN VII)
posterior 1/3: glossopharyngeal (CN IX)
45
what are the three divisions of cranial nerve V
V1: ophthalmic
V2: maxillary
V3: mandibular
46
what is the afferent function of V1
upper face
47
what is the afferent function of V2
midface, upper teeth, palate, anterior temporal region
48
what is the afferent function of V3
lower face, posterior temporal region, lower teeth, floor of mouth, general sensation from body of tongue
49
what is the efferent function of V3
muscles of mastication and mylohyoid muscle
50
V1 passes through the _________________ in the sphenoid bone to reach the orbit
superior orbital fissure
51
V2 passes through the _________________ in the sphenoid bone to reach the pterygopalatine fossa
foramen rotundum
52
V3 passes through the _______________ in the sphenoid bone to reach the infratemporal fossa
foramen ovale
53
what does the zygomatic nerve innervate
skin of upper cheek
54
what does the nasopalatine nerve innervate
nasal septum, most anterior part of hard palate, palatal gingiva of anterior maxillary teeth
55
what does the greater palatine nerve innervate
hard palate, palatal gingiva of posterior maxillary teeth
56
what does the lesser palatine nerve innervate
soft palate
57
what does the posterior superior alveolar nerve innervate
maxillary molars and their buccal gingiva
58
what does the middle superior alveolar nerve innervate
maxillary premolars and their buccal gingiva, mesiobuccal root of the maxillary first molar
59
what does the anterior superior alveolar nerve innervate
maxillary incisors and canines and their buccal gingiva
60
what are the branches of the infraorbital nerve
middle and anterior superior alveolar nerves
61
what do the deep temporal nerves innervate
temporalis muscle
62
what does the medial pterygoid nerve innervate
medial pterygoid muscle
63
what does the lateral pterygoid nerve innervate
lateral pterygoid muscle
64
what does the buccal nerve innervate
buccal gingiva of mandibular teeth posterior to mental foramen, cheek
65
what does the masseteric nerve innervate
masster muscle
66
what does the lingual nerve innervate
body of tongue, lingual gingiva of mandibular teeth, floor of mouth
67
what does the mylohyoid nerve innervate
mylohyoid muscle
68
what does the mental nerve innervate
buccal gingiva of mandibular teeth anterior to mental foramen, chin, lower lip
69
what does the incisive nerve innervate
mandibular teeth anterior to mental foramen
70
what does the inferior alveolar nerve innervate
mandibular teeth
71
portion of the jawbone that contains, supports and protects the teeth
alveolar process
72
branches of the trigeminal nerve travel through the ___________________, the foramen rotundum and the foramen ovale of the sphenoid bone
superior orbital fissure
73
what part of the TMJ allows for hinging or rotating
condyle rotates in fossa
74
what part of the TMJ allows for sliding or translating
condyle slides forward
75
movement of the TMJ is mediated by the what
muscles of mastication
76
what are the muscles of mastication
masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoids, and lateral pterygoids
77
what is the origin, insertion, and action of the temporalis
origin: temporal fossa
insertion: coronoid process of mandible
action: mandible elevation and retraction
78
what is the origin, insertion, and action of the masseter muscle
origin: zygomatic arch
insertion: lateral surface of angle of mandible
action: mandible elevation
79
what is the origin, insertion, and action of the medial pterygoids
origin: sphenoid bone
insertion: medial surface of angle of mandible
action: mandible elevation
80
what is the origin, insertion, and action of the lateral pterygoids
origin: sphenoid bone
insertion: mandibular condyle and articular disc
action: contraction of lateral pterygoids
81
what muscles close the jaw
masseter, temporalis, and medial pterygoid
82
what muscle retracts the jaw
temporalis
83
what muscle protracts the jaw
lateral and medial pterygoids
84
what muscle creates lateral excursion of the jaw
lateral and medial pterygoids
85
what is the origin, insertion, and action of the sternocleidomastoid muscle
origin: sternum and clavicle
insertion: mastoid process of temporal bone
action: flex, bend and rotate the head
86
what is the origin, insertion, and action of the trapezius muscle
origin: occipital bone and some vertebrae
insertion: lateral portion of the clavicle and scapula
action: shrug shoulders
87
muscles of facial expression mostly originate from _________ and insert into _________
bone
skin
88
what are the suprahyoid muscles
digastric, mylohyoid, geniohyoid, and stylohypid
89
what forms the floor of the mouth
mylohyoid
90
what are the infrahyoid muscles
omohyoid, sternohyoid, sternothyroid, and thyrohyoid
91
what are the extrinsic tongue muscles
genioglossus, hyoglossus, styloglossus, and palatoglossus
92
what is the action of the intrinsic muscles of the tongue
change the shape of the tongue
93
what are the intrinsic muscles of the tongue
superior longitudinal, vertical, transverse, and inferior longitudinal
94
what do the palatopharyngeus and palatoglossus muscles form
tonsillar pillars
95
what is the action of the palatopharyngeus and palatoglossus muscles
pull the soft palate down and the tongue up during swallowing
96
the left side of the heart receives oxygen rich blood returning from where
the lungs
97
after receiving oxygen rich blood, the left side of the heart then pumps blood into a major artery called the what
aorta
98
what does the aorta do
distributes blood around the rest of the body
99
blood flows from the aorta to the upper body via ____________
arteries
100
what does the branchiocephalic artery divide into
right common carotid and right subclavian arteries
101
what does the right common carotid artery arise from
branchiocephalic artery
102
what does the left common carotid artery arise from
arch of aorta
103
the common carotid arteries separate into the external carotid and internal carotid arteries at the level of the ____________________
upper thyroid cartilage
104
has no branches in the neck and supplies the brain, eyes, and portion of the forehead
internal carotid artery
105
supplies teeth, muscles of mastication, tongue, face, and lips
external carotid artery
106
what are the branches of the external carotid artery
1. superior thyroid artery
2. ascending pharyngeal artery
3. lingual artery
4. facial artery
5. occipital artery
6. posterior auricular artery
7. maxillary artery
8. superficial temporal artery
107
what branch of the external carotid artery supplies muscles of mastication, jaws, and teeth
maxillary artery
108
what does the inferior alveolar artery supply
mandibular teeth and gives rise to the mylohyoid artery, incisive artery, and mental artery
109
what does the incisive artery supply
anterior mandibular teeth
110
what does the posterior superior alveolar artery supply
posterior maxillary teeth
111
arteries carry blood to what
tissues
112
what do arteries branch into
capillaries
113
fluid containing nutrients leaves blood in capillaries and enters what
interstitial fluid
114
fluid containing waste leaves interstitial fluid and enters what
capillaries
115
what can be pierced during administration of local anesthetic
cavernous sinus
116
drains blood from areas supplies by maxillary artery
pterygoid plexus
117
what pterygoid plexus drains into what
maxillary vein
118
is the internal jugular vein larger or smaller than the external jugular vein
larger
119
formed by merger of posterior division of retromandibular vein and the posterior auricular vein
external jugular vein
120
the external jugular veins drain into the what
subclavian veins
121
the internal jugular veins merge with the subclavian veins to form the right and left what
brachiocephalic veins
122
brachiocephalic veins drain into the _____________, which delivers blood back to the heart
superior vena cava
123
lymph nodes are __________ lymphoid organs
secondary
124
lymph nodes are bean shaped structures containing collections of what
lymphocytes and macrophages
125
lymph nodes can be broadly classified as what
superficial or deep
126
superficial lymph nodes drain to what
deep lymph nodes
127
superior deep lymph nodes drain to what
inferior deep lymph nodes
128
inferior deep cervical lymph nodes drain into what
jugular trunks
129
lymph drains from the jugular trunks into what
right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct
130
what are the superficial lymph nodes in the head
occipital, retroauricular, anterior auricular, superficial parotid, and facial
131
what are the superficial lymph nodes in the neck
submandibular and submental
132
where are submental lymph nodes located
below the chin near the midline
133
what do the submental lymph nodes drain
mandibular incisors
134
what do the submental lymph nodes drain INTO
submandibular nodes or directly to deep cervical lymph nodes
135
where are submandibular lymph nodes located
close to the angle of the mandible
136
the submandibular lymph nodes drain all teeth except which ones
mandibular incisors and sometimes third molars
137
deep cervical lymph nodes are divided into what
superior and inferior groups
138
the deep cervical lymph nodes include what other nodes
jugulodigastric and jugulo-omohyoid nodes
139
what do the deep cervical lymph nodes drain into
jugular trunks
140
what do the superior deep cervical lymph nodes drain
third molars (specifically maxillary)
141
the development of a human embryo, which occurs during the first two periods of prenatal development
human embryogenesis
142
what are the three periods of prenatal development
preimplantation period, embryonic period, and fetal period
143
during the preimplantation period, the zygote becomes what
blastocyst
144
during the embryonic period, the blastocyst becomes what
embryo
145
during the fetal period, the embryo becomes what
fetus
146
fusion of male and female gametes
fertilization
147
what produces gametes
meiosis
148
haploid
23 chromosomes
149
what is the male gamete called
spermatozoon
150
what is the female gamete called
oocyte
151
diploid
23 pairs/46 chromosomes
152
zygote undergoes cleavage and becomes a ball of cells called what
morula
153
the blastocyst hatches from the __________________ and implants in the uterus while the cells in the inner cell mass differentiate into epiblasts and hypoblasts
zona pellucida
154
epiblasts and hypoblasts that develop from the inner cell mass arrange into a what
bilaminar embryonic disc
155
the bilaminar disc undergoes what to form three germ layers
gastrulation
156
cells in the epiblast layer start to invade the hypoblast layer in a process called
gastrulation
157
gastrulation produces three new layers originating from epiblast cells:
ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
158
some cells also form a rod like structure called the __________ below the ectoderm
notochord
159
above the notochord the ectoderm folds up into a tube, __________________, in a process called neurulation
neural tube
160
will form the epidermis, nails, hair, glands, and the nervous system
ectoderm
161
will form bones, cartilage, muscles, connective tissues, cardiovascular system, lymphatic system, and blood cells and bone marrow
mesoderm
162
will form the lining of the digestive tract and respiratory system, digestive organs, thyroid, parathyroid, and tonsils
endoderm
163
what week do the branchial arches develop in
4th week
164
neural crest cells invade the mesoderm between the ectoderm and endoderm to form what
ectomesenchyme
165
what CN is associated with the first branchial arch
CN V
166
what CN is associated with the second branchial arch
CN VII
167
what cranial nerve is associated with the third branchial arch
CN IX
168
what cranial nerve is associated with the fourth branchial arch
CN X
169
muscles of mastication are associated with which branchial arch
first
170
muscles of facial expression are associated with which branchial arch
second
171
the anterior 2/3 of the tongue stems from which branchial arch
first
172
the posterior 1/3 of the tongue stems from which branchial arch
third
173
lateral and medial nasal processes will develop from here
frontonasal process
174
are outgrowths from the mandibular processes
right and left maxillary processes
175
fuse to form the mandibular arch- the first branchial arch
right and left mandibular processes
176
what does the frontonasal process give rise to
forehead, nose, philtrum, part of palate, and upper incisors
177
what do the maxillary processes give rise to
temporal bones, zygomatic bones, cheeks, sides of upper lip, most of maxilla, most of palate, and most of the upper dentition
178
what do the mandibular processes give rise to
lower lip, mandible, and lower dentition
179
the medial nasal processes fuse to form what
center of nose, philtrum, and middle of upper lip
180
what do the lateral nasal processes form
alae of the nose
181
what do the maxillary processes fuse to form
medial nasal processes to form sides of upper lip
182
what forms the primary palate
medial nasal processes
183
palatal shelves grow from what
maxillary processes
184
what forms the secondary palate
palatal shelves
185
primary palate fuses with secondary palate to form the final plate that divides what
oral and nasal cavities
186
what forms the nasal septum
fusion of medial nasal processes
187
maxillary incisors will develop from the what
medial nasal processes
188
maxillary canines and posterior teeth will develop from what
maxillary processes
189
mandibular teeth will develop from what
mandibular processes
190
the process of tooth development
odontogenesis
191
when does odontogenesis begin
during weeks 6/7 of prenatal development
192
thickening of the oral epithelium produces primary epithelial band, which will form dental lamina
initiation (thickening)
193
where an individual tooth will form, the dental lamina proliferates into a bud; ectomesenchyme condenses around bud
bud stage
194
tooth germs form; enamel organ, dental papilla, dental sac
cap stage
195
cells in each part of the tooth germ continue to differentiate and the cervical loop extends
bell stage
196
secretion of dentin and enamel
apposition stage
197
tissues fully mineralize
maturation stage
198
enamel organ will form
enamel
199
dental papilla will form
dentin and pulp
200
dental follicle will form
PDL, cementum, alveolar bone
201
enamel organ is composed of outer enamel epithelium stellate reticulum, stratum intermedium and _____________
inner enamel epithelium
202
dental papilla contains _________ and ___________
outer cells of dental papilla and central cells of dental papilla
203
amelogenesis proceeds from __________ outwards
DEJ
204
dentinogenesis proceeds from DEJ ____________
inwards
205
develop from successional dental lamina
succedaneous teeth
206
develop from posterior extension of dental lamina called the accessional dental lamina
nonsuccedaneous teeth
207
development of permanent dentition begins with anterior teeth around week _________
10
208
movement of developing tooth within the jawbone
pre-eruptive
209
eruptive movement of tooth towards functional position
pre-function
210
tooth in occlusion, post eruptive movement maintains position in occlusion
function (post eruptive)
211
what are the firm primary teeth to erupt
central incisors
212
what are the first permanent teeth to erupt
1st molars
213
enamel is what percent hydroxyapatite
95-96%
214
what is the main organic component of enamel
amelogenin
215
enamel is formed by what
ameloblasts
216
secrete enamel in rods once they develop ____________
tome's process
217
rods become fully mineralized during the __________ phase of amelogenesis
maturation
218
enamel rods run from the ________ to the surface of the enamel
DEJ
219
incremental lines of growth
striae of retzius
220
dentin is what percent hydroxyapatite
70%
221
what is the origin of dentin
dental papilla
222
dentin is formed by what
odontoblasts
223
odontoblast cell bodies reside in what
pulp
224
run from the DEJ to mull and contain odontoblast processes
dentinal tubules
225
dentinal tubules follow a ___________ shaped curved
primary S
226
incremental lines of dentin growth
imbrication lines of von ebner
227
what percent is pulp mineralized
0% (its not mineralized)
228
what is the origin of pulp
dental papilla
229
pulp is protected by what
dentin
230
what are the four zones of pulp
odontoblast layer
cell free zone
cell rich zone
pulpal core
231
what percent mineralized is cementum
50-65%
232
what is the origin of cementum
dental follicle/sac
233
cementum is formed by what
cementoblasts
234
cementum is attached to what
PDL
235
alveolar bone contains _________ to house the roots of the teeth
alveoli
236
lines each alveolus, supporting alveolar bone makes up the rest of the alveolar process
alveolar bone proper
237
what percent mineralized is alveolar bone
60%
238
what is the origin of the alveolar bone
dental follicle/sac
239
the alveolar bone is formed by what
osteoblasts
240
what type of epithelium is the oral mucosa
stratified squamous epithelium
241
the oral mucosa can be what
keratinized or nonkeratinized
242
keratinized epithelia can be what
orthokeratinized or parakeratinized
243
how many layers are there to the oral mucosa
3 or 4 layers
244
keratinized cells contain keratin an nuclei
parakeratinized
245
keratinized cells only contain keratin, no nuclei
orthokeratinized
246
what type of epithelium does the lining mucosa have
nonkeratinized
247
the lining mucosa is ____________ and ____________
stretchy and soft
248
masticatory mucosa is what type of epithelium
keratinized
249
the masticatory mucosa is _____________
rubbery
250
gingiva and hard palate are what type of mucosa
masticatory
251
what are the types of lingual papillae
filiform, fungiform, foliate, and circumvallate
252
what types of specialized mucosa have taste buds
fungiform, foliate, and circumvallate
253
what are present on the dorsal surface of the tongue
circumvallate, filiform, and fungiform
254
what is present on the lateral surface of the tongue
foliate papillae
255
what glands have ducts
exocrine glands
256
endocrine glands release secretions into where
blood or fluid tissue
257
what type of glands are salivary glands
exocrine glands
258
secretory cells may be what
serous or mucous
259
in front of and below ears
parotid gland
260
what type of secretions do the parotid gland give
serous only
261
secretions of the parotid gland are stimulated by what cranial nerve
CN IX
262
produce 25% of total saliva
parotid gland
263
produce 60-65% of total saliva
submandibular gland
264
what type of secretions do submandibular glands give
mixed, but mostly serous
265
what cranial nerve stimulated secretions in submandibular glands
CN VII
266
what gland is the smallest of all major glands
sublingual
267
product about 5-10% of saliva
sublingual glands
268
what type of secretion do sublingual glands give
mixed, but mostly mucous
269
what cranial nerve stimulated secretions in the sublingual gland
CN VII
270
what duct passes over the masseter muscle
parotid duct
271
the parotid duct pierces what muscle
buccinator
272
the parotid duct empties into the oral cavity near what
secondary maxillary molars
273
where do the submandibular ducts empty into
anterior floor of the mouth at sublingual caruncles
274
the sublingual glands empty into several small ducts that open along the sublingual folds:
the ducts of Rivinus
275
the sublingual folds each have one major duct:
bartholin's duct
276
what percent of saliva do minor salivary glands produce
5%
277
where are minor salivary glands located
buccal mucosa, labial mucosa, lateral posterior hard palate, soft palate, tongue palatoglossal arch, and floor of mouth
278
what type of secretions do minor salivary glands give
mostly mucous
279
the glands of von ebner at the base of the circumvallate papillae are what
serous
