Cumulative Final Flashcards
(130 cards)
1
Q
Pathogens
A
Disease causing organism
2
Q
Decomposer
A
an organism, especially a soil bacterium, fungus, or invertebrate, that decomposes organic material.
3
Q
Genetic engineering
A
Direct manipulation of an organisms genome using biotechnology
4
Q
Biotechnology
A
Use of living systems and organisms to develop or make products
5
Q
Characteristics of viruses
A
- They are obligated, intercellular parasites of bacteria, Protozoa, fungi, algae, plants, and animals
- Acellular, not cell like
- Ultramicroscopic
- Do not have the characteristics of life
- Inactive when outside of host cell
- Basic structure- protein shell which surround a nucleus acid (core)
- Has DNA or RNA but never both
- Can be dsDNA, ssDNA, dsRNA, ssRNA
- Have specificity
- Multiplies by taking control of host cells metabolic activities
6
Q
Phylogeny
A
Family tree, pedigree
7
Q
Helminthes
A
Parasitic worms
8
Q
Taxonomic heirarchy
A
Dear Kings Please Consider Ordering From Good Scouts
9
Q
Bioremediation
A
The use of either naturally occurring or deliberately introducing microbes to consume and breakdown environmental pollutants.
10
Q
Six I’s of studying microbiology
A
Inoculation Incubation Isolation Inspection Information gathering Identification
11
Q
Types of microbial media
A
Physical state
Chemical composition
Functional type
12
Q
Physical States of Mejia
A
Broth
Slant
Solid
13
Q
Types of chemical composition media
A
Synthetic
Nonsynthetic- at least one ingredient is not chemically definable (natural)
Complex - combination of synthetic and nonsynthetic
14
Q
Functional types of media
A
General purpose Enriched media Selective Differential Reducing Thioglycollate Mobility Carbohydrate fermentation media
15
Q
General purpose media
A
TSA- tryptocase soy agar plate
Grows a broad range of microbes, usually nonsynthetic
16
Q
Enriched media
A
To grow fastidious microbes
Ex: blood agar
17
Q
Selective media
A
Selects to grow or inhibit a specific microbe
MSA- encourages staph to grow
18
Q
Mannitol salt agar
A
Selective media
Selects for staphylococcus
19
Q
Differential media
A
Allows for growth of many different types of microbes and displays visible differences
MacConkey
20
Q
Reducing media
A
Reduces oxygen
Thioglycollate media
21
Q
Carbohydrate fermentation media
A
Contains sugars that can be fermented, converted to acids, and a pH indicator to show this reaction
22
Q
Motility media
A
SIM
MIO
23
Q
Resolving power
A
Resolving power is defined as the ability of a microscope or telescope to distinguish two close together images as being separate.
24
Q
Macronutrients
A
a substance required in relatively large amounts by living organisms, in particular.
a type of food (e.g., fat, protein, carbohydrate) required in large amounts in the human diet.
25
Micronutrient
a chemical element or substance required in trace amounts for the normal growth and development of living organisms.
26
Trace element
a chemical element present only in minute amounts in a particular sample or environment.
a chemical element required only in minute amounts by living organisms for normal growth.
Trace elements such as iron, iodine, fluoride, copper, zinc, chromium, selenium, manganese and molybdenum are vital for maintaining health
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Phototroph
An organism that uses light or radiant energy for its energy source
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Heterotrophs
Organism that uses organic compounds as their major source of carbon
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Chemotroph
Organism that uses chemical compounds (organic or inorganic) as its energy source
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Methanogen
a methane-producing bacterium, especially an archaean that reduces carbon dioxide to methane.
31
Saprobe
any organism, esp a fungus or bacterium, that lives and feeds on dead organic matter
32
Diffusion
Movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration without the use of energy
facilitated diffusion is movement from hi to low but with the use of transporter proteins
Passive process
33
Osmosis
Movement of solute molecules from hi to low
Passive process
34
Endocytosis
Import or engulfment of substance using vacuoles
3 types
1. Phagocytosis - ingestion of solids
2. Pinocytoais - ingestion of liquid droplets
3. Receptor mediated endocytosis - import of substances using a receptor molecule
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Exocytosis
Large molecules exiting through the membrane, excess fluid are released through this process
36
Contractile vacuole
a vacuole in some protozoans that expels excess liquid on contraction.
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Psychophile
Cold loving microbes
e.g. Pseudomonas
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Thermoduric
able to survive high temperatures; specifically : able to survive pasteurization
Thermophiles
Most spore-forming bacteria
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Metabolism
All the chemical and physical processes of an organism
40
Apoenzyme
The protein portion of a conjugated enzyme (holoenzyme)
41
Holoenzyme
An enzyme that consists of both protein and non protein molecules
Also called conjugated enzyme
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Coenzyme
An organic cofactors of a holoenzyme (conjugated enzyme)
43
Cofactors
Nonprotein portion of a conjugated enzyme (holoenzyme)
Can be organic or inorganic
Organic is called coenzyme, e.g. Vitamins
Inorganic is called metallic cofactors
44
Extremoenzyme
An extremozyme is an enzyme, often created by extremophiles, that can function under extreme environmental conditions such as very high pH, very low pH, high temperature, high salinity, or other factors, that would otherwise denature typical enzymes
45
Salvarsan was used to treat what disease
Salversan was used to treat syphilis until the 1940s
46
Broad spectrum drugs
Drugs that have the greatest range of activity
Targets cell components common to most pathogens (ribosomes)
47
Narrow spectrum drugs
The term broad-spectrum antibiotic refers to an antibiotic that acts against a wide range of disease-causing bacteria. A broad-spectrum antibiotic acts against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, in contrast to a narrow-spectrum antibiotic, which is effective against specific families of bacteria.
Target a specific cell component that is found only in certain microbes
48
How do penicillins/cephalosporins work
Cephalosporins are bactericidal and have the same mode of action as other β-lactam antibiotics (such as penicillins), but are less susceptible to β-lactamases. Cephalosporins disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer forming the bacterial cell wall
49
Sulfonamides
Inhibit bacteria by interfering with a particular biochemical reaction essential for the life of the bacteria
Core resembles Para-Aminobenzoic acid (PABA)
50
Aminoglycolsides
Inhibits protein synthesis at the 30s site of the ribosome
e.g. Streptomycin, amikacin, tetracycline, neomycin
Streptomycin may be toxic and damaging to the nervous system if given over a long period of time
Neomycin is the most toxic of aminoglycosides
51
Clavulamic acid
A chemical that inhibits beta-lactamase
eg synercid, penicillinase, aztreonam
52
Treatment for gram negative rod infections
aminoglycosides
53
Drugs for tuberculosis
The five basic or “first line” TB drugs are:2
Isoniazid
Rifampicin (In the United States rifampicin is called rifampin)
Pyrazinamide
Ethambutol
and Streptomycin
These are the TB drugs that generally have the greatest activity against TB bacteria. These drugs are particularly used for someone with active TB disease who has not had TB drug treatment before. All the other TB drugs are generally referred to as “second line” or reserve TB drugs.
54
Fluoroquinolones
Fluoroquinolones exhibit concentration-dependent bactericidal activity by inhibiting the activity of DNA gyrase and topoisomerase, enzymes essential for bacterial DNA replication.
Toxic to nervous system
Cipro
55
Macrolides
Inhibits protein synthesis at the 50s site of the ribosome
Very good broad spectrum drugs
Not destroyed by penicillinase enzyme
May be used as an alternative to penicillin
e.g. Erythromycin, chloramphenicol, clindamycin and oxazolidinone
Chloramphenicol can cause aplastic anemia (bone marrow inability to produce red blood cells)
56
Drug that causes aplastic anemia, maybe used to treat typhoid fever
Chloramphenicol
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Drugs for systemic fungal infection
Polyenes
Nystatin - antibiotic of choice for fungal infection, toxic to human cells, used topically
Amphotericin B- used for very severe fungal infection, may cause kidney damage due to its nephrotoxicity
58
Resident flora of the skin
It comprises bacteria such as Staphylococcus epidermidis, propioni and corynebacteria, which do not have a pathogenic effect on the skin
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Resident flora of the intestine
Enteroides (in large intestine), e.coli
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Mebendazole, niclosamide, and ivermectin are drugs used to treat what type of infection
Helminthes
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What drugs are used for protozoan infections
Metronidazole
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What is the drug used against intestinal anaerobic bacteria that can also alter normal flora causing antibiotic-associated colitis
Clindamycin, cipro, chloramphenicol
63
Examples of antimicrobics that are macrolides
Erythromycin
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Antimicrobics
Drugs
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Economic importance of bacteria - practical application
Bacteria produce atmospheric nitrogen for crops like legumes
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Where do drugs come from
Microbes
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Examples of drugs that have the most narrow spectrum
Isoniazid (INH)
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What type of drugs are sulfonamides
PABA
69
What are the drugs of choice for treating MRSA
vancomycin and bactroban
70
Know examples of drugs for treating fungal infections
Ketoconazole, fluconazole
71
Know the examples of drugs for treating helmithic infections
Mebenidizole, albenza
72
What is prophylaxis
Prevention
eg condoms
73
Acyclovir is used to treat what
Herpes, shingles, chicken pox
74
What is drug susceptibility
Kirby Bauer
75
What is the E-test in microbiology?
Manual in vitro diagnostic used to determine the MIC
76
What is a semisynthetic antibiotic
Molecules that are modified by a chemist to enhance antimicrobic properties
77
Where is vitamin k produced in the body
In the intestine
78
What are infectious diseases!
Infectious diseases are disorders caused by organisms — such as bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites. Many organisms live in and on our bodies. They're normally harmless or even helpful, but under certain conditions, some organisms may cause disease. Some infectious diseases can be passed from person to person.
79
When do infections occur
Infection occurs when viruses, bacteria, or other microbes enter your body and begin to multiply. Disease, which typically happens in a small proportion of infected people, occurs when the cells in your body are damaged as a result of infection, and signs and symptoms of an illness appear.
80
What is the antifungal drug that can be used to treat serious systemic fungal infections
Amphotericin B
81
What is the drug that can cause aplastic anemia and is used to treat typhoid fever and brain abscesses
Chloramphenicol
82
Important characteristics of antimicrobic drugs
1. Be able to destroy or inhibit many different kinds of pathogenic micro organisms (broad spectrum)
2. Should inhibit microorganisms to prevent development of antibiotic resistant forms of disease producing microorganisms
3. Should not produce undesirable side effects
4. Should not eliminate normal microorganisms that inhabit intestinal tract or other parts of the body
5. If given orally should not be inactivated by stomach acids
6. Should be highly soluable in body fluids
7. Must be able to reach sufficiently high concentration in tissues to kill/inhibit pathogens
83
What do ampicillin, amoxicillin, mezlocillin, and penicillin G have in common
Beta-lactam rings
Thiazolidine ring
Variable side chain
84
A chemical that inhibits beta-lactamase enzymes is called what
Clavulamic acid
85
Examples of antimicrobic that inhibit cell wall synthesis
Penicillins
86
Gram negative rods are often treated with what type of drugs
Aminoglycosides
87
Example of drugs that have the most narrow spectrum
Isoniazid (INH)
88
Prokaryotes
No nucleus
a microscopic single-celled organism that has neither a distinct nucleus with a membrane nor other specialized organelles. Prokaryotes include the bacteria and cyanobacteria.
89
Microbe
microorganism, especially a bacterium causing disease or fermentation.
90
Scientific method
a method of procedure that has characterized natural science since the 17th century, consisting in systematic observation, measurement, and experiment, and the formulation, testing, and modification of hypotheses.
91
Spontaneous generation
the supposed production of living organisms from nonliving matter, as inferred from the apparent appearance of life in some supposedly sterile environments.
92
Koch's postulate
Four criteria that were established by Robert Koch to identify the causative agent of a particular disease, these include: the microorganism or other pathogen must be present in all cases of the disease. the pathogen can be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture.
93
Binomial nomenclature
the system of nomenclature in which two terms are used to denote a species of living organism, the first one indicating the genus and the second the specific epithet.
94
Pure culture
a culture in which only one strain or clone is present.
95
DNA template makes a copy of what
DNA (itself)
96
What is transcription
Transcription is the process by which the information in a strand of DNA is copied into a new molecule of messenger RNA (mRNA). DNA safely and stably stores genetic material in the nuclei of cells as a reference, or template.
97
What is tRNA?
A transfer RNA (abbreviated tRNA and formerly referred to as sRNA, for soluble RNA) is an adaptor molecule composed of RNA, typically 76 to 90 nucleotides in length, that serves as the physical link between the mRNA and the amino acid sequence of proteins.
98
Anticodon
a sequence of three nucleotides forming a unit of genetic code in a transfer RNA molecule, corresponding to a complementary codon in messenger RNA.
99
Intron
a segment of a DNA or RNA molecule that does not code for proteins and interrupts the sequence of genes.
100
rRNA
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA), molecule in cells that forms part of the protein-synthesizing organelle known as a ribosome and that is exported to the cytoplasm to help translate the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) into protein.
101
Termination/stop codons
In the genetic code, a stop codon (or termination codon) is a nucleotide triplet within messenger RNA that signals a termination of translation into proteins
UAA
UGA
UAG
start codon AUG
102
Sterilization
referring to any process that destroys all viable microbes including viruses and endospores
103
Disinfection
A process to destroy vegetative pathogens, not endoscopes
Use on inanimate objects
104
Antisepsis
Prevention of infection by inhibiting or arresting the growth and multiplication of germs (infectious agents)
105
How to achieve sterility
Autoclave
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What is dry heat
A way to sterilize, low cost but destroys item
107
How to kill endospores
Autoclave- 15 psi, 121C, 10-40m
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TDP
The lowest temperature at which to kill the all microbes in a sample in 10m
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TDT
Shortest length of time required to kill all test microbes at a specific temperature
110
Irridiation
Application of ionizing radiation to food
| Improves the safety and extends the shelf life of foods by reducing or eliminating microorganisms and insects
111
HEPA filters
High Efficiency Particulate Air
Filters out dust particles and microbes
112
Phenols or phenolic
Derivatives of phenol without the undesirable effects
| e.g. Lysol, triclosan (antibacterial additive to soaps)
113
How to kill microbacteria
Sterilization
| Autoclave (15psi, 121C, 10-40m)
114
Hypochlorite
Used to disinfect eating utensils in restaurants
As sodium hypochlorites (chlorine bleach) it is a household bleach
115
Examples of antiseptics
Chemicals applied to body surfaces to destroy or inhibit vegetative pathogens
Iodophors, antibacterial soap, chlorhexidine
116
Antibiotics
Medicines that help your body fight bacteria and viruses, either by directly killing the microbe or. Y weakening them so that your own immune system can fight and kill them more easily
Vast majority are bacteria fighters
117
How are antibiotics derived
Natural chemotherapeutic agents, produced by one microorganism, used in very small quantities to inhibit or destroy other microorganisms
118
What is the mode of action for antiviral drugs
Agent must be able to penetrate the infected host cell and selectively block the multiplication of the virus withou inhibiting the metabolism of the host cell
Some will inhibit replication but most also inhibit metabolism
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What is drug susceptibility testing
Kirby Bauer
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What is MIC
Minimum inhibition concention
121
What is therapeutic index
a comparison of the amount of a therapeutic agent that causes the therapeutic effect to the amount that causes toxicity
122
Allergic reactions
Antigen-antibody reactions could activate other host responses intended to protect host from disease in turn physiological response of the immune host could cause hypersensitivity to antigen
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Superinfection
A superinfection is generally defined as a second infection superimposed on an earlier one, especially by a different microbial agent of exogenous or endogenous origin, that is resistant to the treatment being used against the first infection
124
Where is vitamin K produced in the body
Intestine
125
STORCH
Syphilis, Toxoplasmosis, Rubella, Cytomegalovirus And Herpesvirus
O – other (hep B, HIV, chlamydia)
pathogens that may cross the placenta.
126
Exotoxins
a toxin released by a living bacterial cell into its surroundings
127
Enterotoxins
a toxin produced in or affecting the intestines, such as those causing food poisoning or cholera.
128
Different stages of infection
Incubation period- time from initial contact to appearance of first symptoms
Agent is multiplying but damage is insufficient to cause symptoms
Prodromal stage- vague feelings of discomfort, nonspecified complaints
Period of invasion- multiplies at high levels, becomes well-established, more specific signs and symptoms
Convalescent period- as person begins to respond to the infection, symptoms decline
129
Inflammation
localized protective response elicited by injury or destruction of tissues, which serves to destroy, dilute, or wall off both the injurious agent and the injured tissue.
130
When does the body begin to be colonized by its normal flora
In the birth canal
