Current Directions

Question 1

Two Dominant Approaches

Answer 1

• Stressing individual deviance
• The effect of cultural and societal structures

Question 2

Crime Pattern Theory

Answer 2

Still in use today and derived from environmental criminology, this method helped crime prevention by focusing on changing the physical environment rather than changing the offender

Question 3

Disorganization Perspective

Answer 3

Criminologists set out to extend the ideas of Shaw and McKay by studying the stability of ecological areas over time

Question 4

Robert Bursik and Harold Grasmick

Answer 4

Coined the systemic model of social disorganization, where the private, parochial and public networks work together to produce social disorganization

Question 5

Rodney Stark

Answer 5

Presented the idea of deviant places, whereby “kinds-of-places” explanations hold more value than “kinds-of-people” ones

Question 6

Robert Sampson

Answer 6

Social Capital/Collective Efficacy Model: focuses on the effects disorganization has on trust and solidarity among neighbours