Curved Gram negative bacteria Flashcards
(23 cards)
Curved Gram negative bacteria
Vibrio ….
Campy…. sp
Helicobacter ….
Spirochaetes - 3 genera responsible for human disease:
Trepon…
Borre….
lepto….
Vibrio cholerae Campylobacter sp Helicobacter pylori Spirochaetes – 3 genera responsible for human disease: Treponema, Borrelia leptospira
Vibrio sp
Gram ….. faculatively ……. fermentative bacilli
Positive …… reaction and polar …….
Genus vibrio composed of 34 species, 11 implicated in human infections
V.cholerae,
V.parahaemolyticus
V.vulnificus
Vibrio sp.
Gram negative facultatively anaerobic fermentative bacilli.
Positive oxidase reaction and polar flagella.
Genus vibrio composed of 34 species, 11 implicated in human infections.
V.cholerae,
V.parahaemolyticus,
V.vulnificus
Vibrio cholerae
Grow on varitey of …. media
Temp range ……..
V,cholerae grows in absence of ….., others require it
Subdivided by 0 andtigens , common … anitgenn
Grow on variety of simple media,
Temp. range 18-37°c.
V.cholerae grows in absence of salt, others require it.
Cholera documented 2000 yrs ago.
Koch called it kommabacillus.
Subdivided by 0 antigens, common H antigen.
Vibrio cholerae
139 types.
- Most are 01 and …. epidemics
01 has two bio types
- el …
- cho….
Multiple genes involved in virulence
Best studied virulence factor is the toxin
AB toxin, A1, and…. and ….. subunits
Causes watery ….
139 types. Most are 01 and 0139 in epidemics. 01 has two biotypes el tor cholerae. Multiple genes involved in virulence. Best studied virulence factor is the toxin. AB toxin, A1 and A2 and B5 subunits. Causes watery diarrhoea.
Vibrio cholerae Epidemiology
Grows naturally in estuarine and …… environments worldwide
Able to survive in contaminated ….. and high salinity over temp range of 10-30’c
Also survive in ….
High inoculum needed to causes disease
Pandemics first in 1816
October 1992 0139 Bengal
1991s,america
Grows naturally in estuarine and marine environments worldwide.
Able to survive in contaminated water and high salinity over temp range of 10-30°c.
Also survive in shellfish.
High inoculum needed to cause disease.
Pandemics first in 1816.
October 1992 0139 Bengal,
1991 S.America.
Vibrio cholerae
Vibrio cholerae 01 can range from asymptomatic mild diarrhoea through to rapidly fatal diarrhoea
symptoms 2-3 days after ingestion
- Watery …..
_ vo……
60% mortality if not treated
V.vulnifi, fluvia, metchn… may cause mild symptoms and wound ……
Vibrio cholerae 01 can range from asymptomatic, mild diarrhoea through to rapidly fatal diarrhoea.
Symptoms 2-3 days after ingestion,
Watery stools
Vomiting.
60% mortality if not treated.
V.vulnificus, fluvialis, metchnikovii may cause mild symptonms and wound infections
Campylobacter
Comma shaped (kampylos - curved ) bacteria.
- Oxidase and …… positive,
- Motle by …… ……..
15 species and 6 sub species recongised, 12 associated with human disease.
- C,jej….most common in human disease
- C.co…. in underdeveloped countries
Can be types on ….. polysaccharide antigens, capsular and …… antigens
Comma shaped (kampylos-curved) bacteria.
Oxidase and catalase positive.
Motile by polar flagellum.
15 species and 6 subspecies recognised, 12 associated with human disease.
C.jejuni most common in human disease.
C.coli in underdeveloped countries.
Can be typed on 0 polysaccharide antigens, capsular and flagellar antigens.
Campylobacter
Recognised by Jones and co-workers in 1931 and earlier by King who described ……. curved rods in blood of children with acute ……… .
1972 isolate by …….
1981 cultured in reduced …… (5-7%) and increased CO2 (5-10%).
Special agar.
Recognised by Jones and co-workers in 1931 and earlier by King who described microaeophilic curved rods in blood of children with acute dysentry.
1972 isolate by filtration.
1981 cultured in reduced oxygen (5-7%) and increased CO2 (5-10%).
Special agar.
Campylobacter
small bacteria
- 0.3-….. diameter
- pass through …… um filters
disease depends on immunity and large …… ……
pathogensis is not fully understood
- damage to ….. surfaces of jejunu, ,,,, and c….
- Inflammatory process and ….. …….
- ….. associated
- can spread to …..
Small bacteria,
0.3-0.6 diameter,
Pass through 0.45 m filters.
Disease depends on immunity and large infectious dose.
Pathogenesis not fully understood.
Damage to mucosal surfaces of jejunum, ileum and colon.
Inflammatory process and bloody diarrhoea.
Toxins associated.
Can spread to blood.
Campylobacter Epidemiology
……. serum resistant and more likey to cause ba….. than je,,,,
Zoonotic organisms
- Human infected via ….. and …..
More common than salmonella than … infections
Flu like symptoms before .., self limiting illness
Small bacteria,
0.3-0.6 diameter,
Pass through 0.45 m filters.
Disease depends on immunity and large infectious dose.
Pathogenesis not fully understood.
Damage to mucosal surfaces of jejunum, ileum and colon.
Inflammatory process and bloody diarrhoea.
Toxins associated.
Can spread to blood.
Helicobacter pylori
Highly ……., produced abundance of urease (neutralises …….. ……)
Virulence factors - urease, ]- acid ....... protein - flag...... - ad....... - Muci..... - superoxide dism...... - cata.... - vacuolating .....
1983 spiral Gram negative bacteria discovered in patients with gastritis. Highly motile, produce abundance of urease (neutralises gastric acid). Virulence factors include, Urease, Acid-inhibitory protein, Flagella, Adhesins, Mucinase, Superoxide dismutase, Catalase Vacuolating cytotoxin
Helicobacter pylori
Colonisation via blocking of ….. production - achlorhydria, and neutralisation by …. activity
Pass through … and adhere to …. ……..
local tissue damage via …. and vacuolating toxin inducing inflammatory response
protected by ….. by superoxide ….. and catalase
Colonisation via blocking of acid production – achlorhydria, and neutralisation by urease activity.
Pass through mucosa and adhere to epithelial cells.
Local tissue damage via mucinase and vacuolating toxin inducing inflammatory response.
Protected by phagocytes by superoxide dismutase and catalase.
helocbacter pylori
Epidemiology: low in childhood increases to ….. in adults
variable prev….
identified in 70-100 patients with gastritis, gastric ……
Humans main reservior of infection
Associated with …. ……..
Epidemiology: low in childhood but increases to 45% in adults.
Variable prevalence
Identified in 70-100% patients with gastritis, gastric ulcers.
Humans main reservoir of infection.
Associated with gastric lymphona.
Helicobacter pylori
Diagnosis: Histopatholgy. …. test
culture in microaerophilic conditions over a period of 5 days
- Gram sta…
- O.. positive
- C… postive
serology long term ….. formed
treatment:
triple ….
proto pump … (omprazole)
an….. over several months
Diagnosis: Histopathology, Urease test.
Culture in microaerophilic conditions over a period of 5 days.
Gram stain,
Oxidase+,
Catalase +.
Serology long term antibodies formed.
Treatment: triple therapy, proton pump inhibitor (omeprazole), and antibiotics over several months.
Spirochaetes
Thin, helical Gram ….. bacteria
Trepon…. T.pall…. and T,carat…. cause human disease
T.pallidum causes …..
Other subspecies cause endemic syphilis-bejel, yaes and pinta which are ……… diseases
Thin, helical Gram negative bacteria.
Treponema. T.pallidum and T. carateum.
cause human disease.
T.pallidum causes syphilis.
Other subspecies cause endemic syphilis-bejel, yaws and pinta which are non-venereal diseases.Syphilis
Strict human pathogen
- cannot be grown in … …… cultures
visualisted by dark ground ….. or by fluroescent linked antibiotics
Virulence factors
- OMPS associated with …… , produce hyaluronidase
Coat themselves with host cell f …….
Strict human pathogen.
Cannot be grown in cell-free cultures.
Visualised by dark ground illumination or by fluorescent linked antibodies.
Virulence factors.
OMPS associated with adherence, produce hyaluronidase.
Coat themselves with host cell fibronectin.
Syphilis
lesions caused by patients ….. response
3 phases of disease
Primary
- ……. at site of infection
secondary
- dissemiated rash. Spontaneous remission may then occur
Tertiary syphilis
- May occur many years later in the form of ….. and gu….
Lesions caused by patients immune response.
3 phases of disease.
Primary
Chancre at site of infection.
Secondary
Disseminated rash. Spontaneous remission may then occur.
Tertiary syphilis
may occur many years later in the form of neurological symptoms and gummas.
Syphilis
Congenital infection
- Can be ….
Lab diagnosis:
- Dark field examination of ……..
Serological tests. 2 types:
- Biologically ……(non-treponemal)
- Specific …… test
Congenital infection. Can be fatal. Lab diagnosis : Darkfield examination of lesions. Serological tests. 2 types: Biologically non-specific (non-treponemal) Specific treponemal tests.
Syphilis - Lab diagnosis
Non - treponemal tests
- measure … and …. antibodies (reagin) developed against …. released from damaged cells during the … stages of disease, and on the cell surface of the treponemes.
Antigen used in ……
….. and ……. Measure flocculattion of antigen by serum
Non-treponemal tests.
Measure IgG and IgM antibodies (reagin) developed against lipids released from damaged cells during the early stages of disease, and on the cell surface of the treponemes.
Antigen used is cardiolipin.
VDRL and RPR. Measure flocculation of antigen by serum.
syphilis - lab diagnosis
Treponemenal tests
- more …
- T….
- F.. tests
treatment by …..
Control by contact tracing and education
Treponemal tests. More specific. TPHA FTA tests. Treatment by penicillin. Control by contact tracing and education.
other treponemal diseases
- T.palllidum subsp. endemic…… in africa, As… and Aust….
- Person to person spread via contaminated eating vessels. ….. ………
Yaws. T.pertenue
- Granulomatous disease skin lesions leading to to ….. …….. … …. .., lymph nodes and …..
Pinta - T.carateum
- Skin pruritic papules, causes ….
YaOther treponemal diseases:
T.pallidum subsp. Endemicum-bejel in Africa, Asia and Australia.
Person to person spread via contaminated eating vessels. Oral lesions.
Yaws. T.pertenue.
Granulomatous disease-skin lesions leading to destructive lesions of skin, lymph nodes and bone.
Pinta – T.carateum
Skin pruritic papules, causes disfigurement.ws
Borrelia
relapsing fever and ….. disease
B.recurrentis causes ….. …. relapsing fever
- Endemic relapsing fever caused by 15 species and spread by ….. ….
Relapsing fever and Lyme Disease.
Relapsing fever.
B.recurrentis causes louse-borne relapsing fever.
Endemic relapsing fever caused by 15 species and spread by soft ticks.
Lyme Disease 1977 Lyme, Connecticut.
Burgdorfer discovered agent 5 years later.
Lyme disease
B,burgdoreferi (also has 2 other species)
Spread by …. ….. tick
Characteristic rash, erpthema migrans develops …. ……. days after …… …
(ticks in life cycle involving mice and deer)
Mal…, fat…, headache ….. ….. , pain and lympaha…….. 4 weeks
Relapsing fever and Lyme Disease.
Relapsing fever.
B.recurrentis causes louse-borne relapsing fever.
Endemic relapsing fever caused by 15 species and spread by soft ticks.
Lyme Disease 1977 Lyme, Connecticut.
Burgdorfer discovered agent 5 years later.
