Custom Quiz # 1 Flashcards
1
Q
One of the main mechanisms that is used by mucus to prevent infection is?
A
traps organisms
2
Q
The urinary tract mainly resists bacterial infection by
A
the continual flushing action of urine
3
Q
Pattern recognition receptors contribute to non-specific body defense systems by
A
recognising components of microorganisms as foreign
4
Q
polymorphs are white cells that consist of the following 3 types of cells?
A
neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils
5
Q
basic cellular component of pus?
A
neutrophils
6
Q
non-specific (innate) immune defense contains the following 5 elements?
A
complement, mast cells, opsoninisation, interferons and cytokines
7
Q
protective effect of resident commensal microorganisms is called?
A
colonisation resistance
8
Q
after having an initial infection, resistance to reinfection is known as?
A
acquired immunity
9
Q
acquired immunity is characterised by?
A
being highly specific, long-lasting and dependent on lymphocytes
10
Q
five major signs of inflammation?
A
redness, swelling, heat, pain and loss of function
11
Q
vasodilation and increased capillary permeability are caused by?
A
histamine
12
Q
primary cell type involved in initiating the inflammatory response is?
A
tissue mast cell
13
Q
group of proteins found in blood serum which act with antibodies to destroy foreign cells or bacteria
A
complement
14
Q
the allergic inflammatory response begins when
A
IgE antibodies are produced after exposure to an allergen and then bind to mast cells
15
Q
viruses are classified according to their genetic composition which are?
A
RNA based and DNA based organisms
16
Q
four main types of microbes
A
viruses, bacteria, protozoa, fungi
17
Q
yeast that causes thrush
A
candida albicans
18
Q
most effective way to manage eucaryotic parasites that are common in a community is to?
A
understand the life cycle and then interrupt its growth and reproduction at vulnerable moments in the life cycle
19
Q
examples of specific body defense systems against infection and foreign substances (list 7)
A
cytotoxic t cells
IgG
Antibodies
B lymphocytes
T lymphocytes
CD4 cells
Antigen Presenting Cells
20
Q
which body defense mechanisms prevents the entry of pathogens into the body or to destroy them quickly if they enter.
A
non-specific (innate) immunity
21
Q
example of a chemical mediator of inflammation?
A
quiz answers: histamine, prostaglandin, kinin and complement
vasoactive mediators - histamine, bradykinin, leukotrienes, prostaglandins C3a and C5a platelet activating factors
chemotactic factors - leukotrienes, c5a certain interleukins tumour necrosis factor, microbial components platelet-activating factor
22
Q
main phagocytic cells in the body are
A
macrophages and neutrophils
23
Q
role of opsonins
A
enhance phagocytosis
24
Q
enhancement of antigen adherence to phagocytic cells
A
complement
25
the activity of a ___, in which histamine is release from mast cells
complement
26
the activity of a ___, in which causes lysis of foreign cell membranes
complement
27
activation of inflammation by chemotaxis of phagocytes?
complement
28
the body's defences against any kind of pathogen
non specific resistance
29
what is an infectious agent?
particular organism that grows at a site which is not normally found, causing an infection
30
what is a pathogen?
organism that causes infection or disease
31
what is an epidemic?
break out of infection or disease in a localised area
32
what is a commensal microflora?
resident micro-flora at various site in the body that is beneficial and prevents new organisms (pathogens) gaining foothhold
33
what is a vaccine?
a suspension of killed or attenuated (weakened) organisms administered for prevention and treatment of infectious disease
34
what is an antibiotic?
substance produced by a certain bacteria and fungi that prevents the growth of or destroys other bacteria
35
what is an infection?
invasive and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues especially that cause local cellular injury
36
what is a prion?
one of several kinds of infectious proteins that cause transmissible neurodegenerative diseases
37
what is innate (non-specific) immunity?
immunity that has been present since birth
38
what is cytokine?
inflammatory cells and inflamed tissues which release a range of hormone such as proteins.
39
what is acquired (specific) immunity?
develops post infection providing immunity from re-infection from the same organisms
40
what is a leucocyte?
white blood cell
41
what is the definition of virulence?
degree of pathogenicity of an organisms and how quickly a disease can spread
42
what is interferon?
a protein that protects uninfected host cells from infection
43
what is an antibody?
a protein in the blood and bodily fluids secreted by plasma cells in response to a bacterial antigen.
44
define phagocytosis
engulfing and destruction of micro-organisms and foreign by phagocytosis in the blood
45
define complement
a substance present in normal serum which combines with an antigen-antibody complex to destroy bacteria
46
define pyogenic infection
infections where pus is formed usually caused by bacteria
47
basic component of pus?
neutrophils
48
lysozyme is more predominantly found in
neutrophil
49
natural killer cells are part of what type of immunity?
innate immunity
50
main function of inflammatory response
prevents the spread of an infection
51
redness and heat seen in an inflamed area are partly the results of?
increased blood flow to the area
52
what is released during the inflammatory response?
chemical mediators (vasoactive and chemotactic)
53
what are the key signs of inflammation?
swelling
redness
pain
heat
54
in systematic inflammation, pyrogens function to?
stimulate fever production
55
function of MHC class I molecules
allow the immune system to respond to antigens inside the cells
56
when a MHC class I antigen complex displays a foreign antigen on the cell surface, it prompts the immune system to?
destroy the displaying cell
57
often the first antibody produced in response to an antigen is?
IgM
58
may initiate inflammation and enhance phagocytosis
antibodies
59
antigens are more susceptible to phagocytosis as a result of?
opsonisation
60
function of neutrophil
first cell to enter infected tissue
61
function of monocyte
will become macrophage in tissue
62
function of natural killer cell
lyses tumor and virus-infected cells
63
function of eosinophil
cell that increases in number during a parasitic infection
64
function of mast cell
nonmotile cells in connective tissue that promote inflammation
65
where are b cells produced?
bone marrow
66
define host when discussing infectious disease
an organism in which another organism is nourished and harboured
67
define pathogen when discussing infectious disease
an organism capable of causing disease in another organism
68
define bacterial colonisation
the persistent presence and multiplication of bacteria without tissue invasion or damage
69
define bacterial exotoxins
bacterial proteins that are secreted by cells during growth
70
define endotoxins
toxins within the walls of bacteria that is released when cells die
71
bacteria can evade or evoke a less effective immune response from the host by ANTIGENIC VARIATION in which they?
alter their proteins or lipopolysaccharide carbohydrates on their surface
72
bacteria can evade or evoke a less effective immune response from the host by MOLECULAR MIMICRY in which they?
express molecules on their surface that enable them to mimic host cells
73
mycobacterium tuberculosis evades the host defences by?
invasion of host cells
74
pathogenesis of bordetella pertussis, which causes whooping cough, involves?
colonisation of ciliated cells
secretion of an exotoxin
proliferation of bacteria
difficulty clearing mucous
75
most recent vaccination against pertussis uses
a toxoided toxin and adhesion proteins from the bacteria
76
examples of antimicrobial
antibacterial
antiviral
antifungal
antihelminthic
77
define minimum inhibitory concentration
the lowest concentration that will inhibit growth of the organism
78
when we describe the spectrum of an antibiotic, we are describing how
bacteria have a susceptible component of their cellular structure and humans have a less susceptible target of action
79
penicillin belongs to which type of antibiotic?
beta-lactams (β-lactam)
80
penicillin acts to kill cells by
inhibiting the building of cell walls
81
aminoglycoside antibiotics act to kill cells by
affecting protein synthesis at the ribosome to generate nonsense proteins which reduces cell wall integrity
82
what are the common side effects of antibiotic use?
vomiting
diarrhoea
rash
thrush
83
what mechanism does antibiotic resistance occur which can be caused by overuse of antibiotics in the community?
the bacteria produce enzymes that destroy the antibiotic and reduce the targets in their cells
84
give 4 examples of a mechanism for the spread of antibiotic resistance between bacteria
- person-to-person transfer of resistant bacteria
- conjugated genetic transfer of genetic material between bacteria
- transformation of bacterial genetic material
- transfer of genetic material between bacteria by bacteriophages
85
define subclinical viral infection
infection with a virus that produces an immune response but produces no discernable symptoms
86
in order for a virus to produce an infection in a susceptible host,
sufficient viable virus must reach the host and overcome initial barriers to infection
87
define endemic disease
the continual or habitual presence of disease
88
define epidemic disease
occurs at a rate in excess of normal expectancy
89
define pandemic disease
occurs all over a very large geographic area or the whole world
90
define arbovirus
spreads by insects, ticks and mites, that are blood feeding
91
human papilloma viruses (causes warts) are spread by?
minor trauma of the skin with direct contact
92
successful method used to reduce the spread of arboviruses
eradication of mosquitoes and their breeding sites
93
which route of viral transmission results is the fastest spread of disease?
inhalation of aerosol
94
for which of the following reasons are aerosol-spread respiratory viral infections more common in winter
the colder weather allows the virus to remain active for longer
95
what 4 methods effectively reduce the spread of respiratory viruses
isolation of infected individuals, facemasks, proper disposal of tissues and hand washing
96
transmission of gastrointestinal viruses occurs more easily than for other viruses because they
survive longer outside the body
97
2 main types of gastrointestinal virus transmission are
from contaminated food or water and person to person faecal oral spread
98
sexual transmission of viruses is very efficient because
the virus is kept moist and does not have to survive long on route between people
99
vertical transmission of virus is the spread of the virus from:
mother to neonate
100
rubella and cytomegalovirus are examples of diseases that can be spread via?
the placenta to the unborn child
101
for a virus, a reservoir is a place where
the virus can persist and be released to cause an outbreak of disease
102
recent viral infection can be demonstrated by examining the serum of people and finding what antibody?
IgM antibodies against the disease
103
give 4 factors that impact the epidemiology of virus infections
rapid air travel
sexual activity
weather
overcrowding
104
4 general measures that are used to control viral disease are?
interrupt the spread of the virus
vaccinate against the virus
give antiviral medication
105
4 general measures that are used to control viral disease are?
interrupt the spread of the virus
vaccinate against the virus
give antiviral medication
manage the person's disease
106
antibiotics are ineffective against?
viruses
107
mode of action of antiviral medication
suppress infection and reduce symptoms of chronic viral disease
108
passive immunisation against viral infections is achieved by giving patients
immunoglobulin from the plasma of individuals who are immune to the virus
109
the problem with PASSIVE immunisation is that
the protection diminishes quickly over 2 to 4 months
110
the advantages of having live virus vaccines are that they do not?
do not have to be injected
are cheap and usually require only a single dose
111
example of live virus vaccine
measles
112
example of a non-replicating virus vaccine?
influenza
113
it continues to be difficult to produce a vaccine against HIV because?
- no one has a natural immunity
- no animals that are similarly infected
- virus is diverse
114
type of vaccination which reduces 60-90% but does not provide complete protection
influenza vaccination
115
state 4 purposes of vaccination
- ensuring that the cost of the vaccination produces a worthwhile benefit
- preventing infection in at-risk people
- considering the most appropriate age to vaccinate
- preventing a disease epidemic
NOTE: IT DOES NOT CURE VIRAL INFECTION
116
main problem with influenza vaccination is that?
it has to be recreated each year for new influenza strains
117
does the broad-spectrum antibiotic REDUCE or INCREASE the body's non-specific defences?
reduce
118
what can cause secondary immunodeficiency?
process of ageing
119
after having an initial infection, resistance to reinfections is known as?
acquired immunity
120
define antigen
a foreign substance that activates the immune system
121
asymptomatic carriers are infected hosts who contribute to?
the spread of infection
122
define asymptomatic carrier
person or other organism that has become infected with a pathogen, but shows no signs or symptoms
123
virulence is a measure of a pathogen's ability to cause?
disease or infection and is measured using the terms infectious dose (ID 50) and lethal dose (LD50)
124
virulence is determined by what factors?
- host mucosal adherence
- resistance to defences
- production of toxins and enzymes
125
14 systems that are non-specific in their defence against infection and foreign substances
- skin
- lysozymes
- stomach acid
- lactoferrin
- mucociliary escalator
- phagocytes
- natural killer cells
- acute inflammatory response
- antimicrobial proteins
- complement
- cytokines
- normal bacterial flora
- digestive enzymes
- mucous membranes
