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Physiology > CV 5 > Flashcards

CV 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Total Blood Volume
men
women
body weight

A

≈5 L in men,
≈4 L in women.
≈7% Body Weight (kg)

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2
Q

Blood Components (2)

A
  1. Cellular (Formed) Elements

2. Plasma

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3
Q
  1. Cellular (Formed) Elements (2)
A

 Blood Cells

 ≈45% of whole blood

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4
Q
  1. Plasma (2)
A

 H20 + Dissolved Substances

 ≈55% of of Whole Blood

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5
Q

Functions of blood (5)

A

 Supplies nutrients and O2
 Removes waste products and CO2.
 Carries regulatory factors (hormones).
 Defends against infection (immune function).
 Hemostasis (keeping blood in blood vessels)

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6
Q

Plasma Contains (3)

A

 92% H2O
 7% Protein = Plasma Proteins
 1% Dissolved substances

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7
Q

 1% Dissolved substances (5)

A 
 Organic Molecules
 Ions
 Trace Elements
 Vitamins
 Dissolved Gasses
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8
Q

Plasma Proteins

 Made by

A

liver

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9
Q

Plasma Proteins types (4)

A
  1. Albumins (main determinant ΠC)
  2. Globulins (Antibodies)
  3. Fibrinogen (Clotting Proteins)
  4. Others
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10
Q

Functions of Plasma Proteins (6)

A 
 Maintain ΠC
 Transport Proteins for lipids (steroids)
 Hormones
 Extracellular Enzymes
 Immunity
 Blood Clotting
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11
Q

Serum =

A

plasma – clotting proteins

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12
Q

Erythrocytes (RBC) –

A

Transport O2 and CO2

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13
Q

Leukocytes (WBC) –

A

Body Defense

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14
Q

Thrombocytes (Platelets) -

A

Hemostasis

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15
Q

Hematocrit

A

Percentage of total blood
volume occupied by blood
cells (RBCs)

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16
Q

1⁰ determinant of blood

viscosity

A

hemocrit

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17
Q

Normal hemocrit
– Women
– Men

A

38-46%

42-54%

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18
Q

An increase in hematocrit
will __ resistance and __
flow rate; it will also __ the
risk of turbulent flow.

A

increase
decrease
decrease

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19
Q

Hematopoiesis/Hemopoiesis (2)

A

 Blood Cell production

 Red Bone Marrow (Spongy bone)

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20
Q

All formed elements
(myeloid and
lymphoid) produced
from a common

A

“Pluripotent
Hematopoietic Stem
Cell”

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21
Q 
Production of specific blood components dependent on 
which control factors are present:
1. Erythrocytes – 
2. Leukocytes – 
3. Thrombocytes -
A
  1. Erythrocytes – Erythropoietin
  2. Leukocytes – CSFs and ILs
    (complex process)
  3. Thrombocytes -
    Thrombopoietin
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22
Q

Most Abundant Blood Cell

A

erythrocytes (5x106/μl whole blood)

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23
Q

Hematocrit =

A

%RBC in whole blood
40-54% Males
37-47% Females

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24
Q

RBC Function:

A

Transport O2 and CO2 between tissues and

lungs

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25
Q

RBC Cell Anatomy (4)

A

Biconcave disk in shape with a flexible membrane.
No nucleus or organelles (including no mitochondria)
No DNA
No Centrioles

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26
Q

Biconcave disk in shape with a flexible membrane. (2)

A

Creates Large surface area which favors simple diffusion.

Easily slip through Capillaries

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27
Q

Enzymes (2)

A

Glycolytic enzymes (glycolysis)

Carbonic anhydrase

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28
Q

Hemoglobin (2)

A

≈2x108/RBC

Binds oxygen and carbon dioxide

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29
Q

RBC lifespan

A

Short life span (about 120

days): ~1% lost/day.

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30
Q

RBC are rynthesized in red bone

marrow by the process called

A

erythropoiesis

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31
Q

RBC are filtered by the (2)

A

spleen

liver

32
Q

Erythropoietin (kidney

hormone) triggers

A

differentiation of stem cells to

erythrocytes.

33
Q

Reticulocytes (5)

A 
Young Erythrocytes
Contain some ribosomes
Lose after 1 day
1% Circulating RBC
Levels increase during periods of rapid RBC production
34
Q

Erythrocyte Production Requires: (3)

A

Iron
Folic acid
Vitamin B12

35
Q

Iron (4)

A

Component of hemoglobin (heme portion)
Normal hemoglobin content of blood
- Men: 13–18 gram / dL
- Women: 12–16 gram / dL

36
Q

Folic acid (1)

A

Necessary for DNA replication, and therefore cell division

37
Q

Vitamin B12 (2)

A

Necessary for DNA replication, and therefore cell division

Pernicious Anemia

38
Q

Life Cycle of RBC

A

120 days

39
Q

Normally RBC Production =

A

RBC

Destruction

40
Q

(2) removes old erythrocytes

A

Spleen and Liver

41
Q

Iron is

A

recycled

42
Q

Liver metabolizes

A

Hb (Bile pigments – Bilirubin/Biliverdin)

43
Q

Bile Pigments secreted along with bile into —. Lost from body via —

A

small intestine

feces

44
Q

Iron deficiency

A

 Hb deficiency

45
Q

Hemochromatosis (2)

A 
 Too much iron
 Damages 
Liver, 
Heart, 
Pituitary Gland, 
Pancreas and 
Joints
46
Q

secreted along with bile in Small Intestine (2)

A

Bilirubin/Biliverdin

47
Q

Patients with chronic renal failure have too little

erythropoietin and require administration of

A

synthetic forms to maintain normal RBC counts.

48
Q

Athletes who abuse this synthetic form (to increase

stamina) can die from

A

polycythemia
(increased [RBC]) which increases viscosity of blood increase R, decrease Blood Flow (F=ΔP/R) and results in clotting, stroke and heart failure.

49
Q

Testosterone also enhances RBC production by

A

ncreasing EPO production (hence men have higher

hematocrit than women).

50
Q

Anemia

A

Decrease in the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood: ↓# RBC and/or
↓[hemoglobin].

51
Q

Dietary anemia (2)

A

– Iron: iron-deficiency anemia

– Vitamin B12: pernicious anemia

52
Q

Hemorrhagic anemia (1)

A

– Bleeding

53
Q

Hemolytic anemia (2)

A

– Malaria

– Sickle cell anemia

54
Q

Aplastic anemia (1)

A

– Bone marrow defect

55
Q

Renal anemia (1)

A

– Kidney disease

56
Q

Polycythemia

Hct >

A

60%

57
Q

Polycythemia vera (3)

A

– Genetic condition
– Over produce RBCs
– At risk for clotting

58
Q

Secondary polycythemia (2)

A

– Due to hypoxia/ high altitude

– Heart failure

59
Q

RBCs express numerous membrane

glycoproteins and glycolipids that serve as

A

antigens

60
Q

Antigens (also called agglutinogens) are

proteins capable of inducing an

A

immune

response

61
Q

Most antigens on RBC are

A

relatively weak

62
Q

Blood Typing is based on 3 antigens found on the RBC membrane:

A

A, & B and Rh (D)

63
Q

Presence or absence of A and B antigens determines

A

A, B, AB, or O blood type (Incomplete dominance)

64
Q

Presence of absence of Rh antigen determines whether

A

Rh-positive or Rh-negative (Mendelian genetics)

65
Q

Unlike most immune reactions,
a person already has
antibodies/agglutinins (IgMs) to
the

A

A/B antigens not on their

RBCs

66
Q 
Unlike most immune reactions, 
a person already has 
antibodies/agglutinins (IgMs) to 
the A/B antigens not on their 
RBCs.   (2)
A 
– These are in the plasma 
prior to any exposure.   
Appear 2-8 months after 
birth.  
• Introduced to the 
immune system through 
food and bacteria
67
Q

Maximum titer is at – years, then declines with age

A

10

68
Q

So what happens if inappropriate A-B-O blood is transfused?

A
69
Q

if a person receives RBCs with
antigens that they have
agglutinins/antibodies against, the
RBCs will —

A

agglutinate

70
Q

Antigens have multiple binding sites

as do antibodies, so multiple RBCs

A

clump together

71
Q

Agglutination causes

A

obstruction of small blood vessels

72
Q

Hours to days later, hemolysis occurs (2)

A
  • Due to extreme distortion of RBCs and action of phagocytic WBCs
  • It is possible to have acute hemolysis, but it is unlikely
73
Q 
The pathologic effects of agglutination 
can be (2)
A

extreme and fatal (systemic
inflammatory response, kidney failure,
intravascular coagulopathy, etc.)

74
Q

When blood is transfused, it is not usually whole blood, but packed
RBCs. So the only reaction to worry about is between the

A

recipient’s plasma and the donor’s RBCs.

75
Q

Which type of blood is the universal donor?

A
76
Q

Which type of blood is the universal Recipient?

A

Physiology (53 decks)

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