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CEP > CV Anatomy Review > Flashcards

CV Anatomy Review Flashcards

(64 cards)

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1
Q

Heart function

A

creates pressure to pump blood

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2
Q

Purposes of the cardiorespiratory system

A

Transport O2 and nutrients to tissues

Removal of CO2 wastes from tissues

Regulation of body temperature

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3
Q

Capillaries function

A

responsible for all exchange of O2, CO2, and nutrients with tissues

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4
Q

Myocardium receives blood via

A

coronary arteries

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5
Q

Coronary arteries are responsible for

A

meeting high demand for oxygen and nutrients

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6
Q

Myocardial infarction

A

blockage in coronary blood flow results in cell damage

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7
Q

Plasma

A

liquid portion of blood

contains ions, proteins, hormones

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8
Q

Red blood cells

A

contain hemoglobin to carry oxygen

largest fraction of cells in the blood

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9
Q

White blood cells

A

Important in preventing infection

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10
Q

Platelets

A

important in blood clotting

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11
Q

hematocrit

A

percentage of blood composed of RBC

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12
Q

What percentage of hematocrit is blood?

A

42%

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13
Q

Systole

A

Contraction phase

Ejection of blood

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14
Q

How much blood is ejected from ventricles per beat?

A

2/3

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15
Q

Why does 1/3 blood remain in the ventricle after contraction?

A

to prevent collapse

keeps structural integrity

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16
Q

Diastole

A

Relaxation phase
Filling with blood

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17
Q

At rest, which part of the heart cycle is longer?

A

diastole is longer than systole

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18
Q

During exercise, what happens to diastole and systole?

A

both are shortened

diastole shortens more

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19
Q

What is normal arterial blood pressure?

A

<120/<80 mmHg

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20
Q

Systolic pressure

A

pressure generated during ventricular contraction

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21
Q

Diastolic pressure

A

pressure in the arteries during cardiac relaxation

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22
Q

Pulse pressure

A

difference between systolic and diastolic

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23
Q

Mean arterial pressure

A

Average pressure in the arteries during cardiac cycle at rest

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24
Q

Contraction of the heart depends on

A

electrical stimulation of the myocardium

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25
Sinoatrial node
SA node Part of conduction system pacemaker, initiates depolarization
26
Atrioventricular node
AV node Part of conduction system Passes depolarization to ventricles
27
Why is there a brief delay between the SA and AV node?
to allow for ventricular filling (blood transfer from atria to ventricle)
28
Bundle branches
extend from AV node connect atria to left and right ventricular
29
Purkinje fibers
spread wave of depolarization throughout ventricles
30
Parasympathetic nervous system releases Ach on SA node via the
vagus nerve
31
How does the PNS slow HR?
by inhibiting SA and AV node
32
Decrease in parasympathetic tone =
increase in HR (this typically causes rise in HR up to ~ 100 bpm)
33
Sympathetic nervous system releases norepinephrine via
cardiac accelerator nerves
34
Sympathetic nervous system increases HR by
stimulating SA and AV node (this typically causes rise in HR beyond 100 bpm)
35
How does HR respond at onset of exercise?
- initial increase due to parasympathetic withdrawal - later increase due to SNS stimulation
36
Heart rate variability
how well sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system are coordinating standard deviation of the R-R interval on an EKG
37
Wide variation in HRV...
is considered healthy (reflects "autonomic balance") collaboration most of the time
38
Low HRV is a predictor of
cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with existing cardiovascular disease
39
Low HRV
SNS or PNS takes precedent most of the time
40
Cardiac output
the amount of blood pumped by the heart each minute
41
Cardiac output equation
Q = HR x SV product of heart rate and stroke volume
42
Stroke volume
amount of blood ejected in each beat
43
CO depends on
training state and gender
44
End-Diastolic Volume
Volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole (aka "preload"), at the end of filling
45
Frank-Starling mechanism
greater EDV results in a more forceful contraction - due to stretch of ventricles
46
EDV is dependent on
venous return
47
Venous return is increased by
- Venoconstriction - Skeletal muscle pump - Respiratory pump
48
Venoconstriction
increased pressure in veins
49
Skeletal muscle pump
rhythmic skeletal muscle contractions force blood in the veins toward the heart
50
What is the function of one-way valves in veins?
prevent backflow of blood
51
Respiratory pump
breathing puts pressure on veins in thoracic cavity, increases pressure... pushes blood towards the heart
52
What do changes in thoracic pressure do?
pull blood toward heart
53
Stroke Volume is dependent on 3 factors
1. EDV 2. Average aortic blood pressure 3. Strength of ventricular contraction (contractility)
54
Average aortic blood pressure
pressure the heart must pump against to eject blood ("afterload")
55
Strength of the ventricular contraction "contractility" is enhanced by:
circulating epinephrine and norepinephrine direct sympathetic stimulation of the heart
56
Oxygen demand by muscles during exercise
is 15-25x greater than at rest
57
Increased O2 delivery during exercise is accomplished by:
1. Increased cardiac output 2. Redistribution of blood flow - from inactive organs to working skeletal muscle
58
CO during exercises increases due to
increased HR (linear increase to max) increased SV
59
Max heart rate adult equation
220-age (years)
60
Increase in SV during exercise
increase, then plateau at 40-60% VO2 max no plateau in highly trained subjects
61
Transition from rest to exercise
Rapid increase in HR, SV, CO Plateau in submaximal (below lactate threshold) exercise
62
Transition from exercise to recovery
Decrease in HR, SV, and CO toward resting levels Depends on: - Duration and intensity of exercise - Training state of subject (more trained = back to recovery faster)
63
Regular exercise is cardioprotective, which means
reduces incidence of heart attacks improves survival from heart attack
64
Exercise reduces the amount of myocardial damage from heart attack by
improvements in heart's antioxidant capacity (ability to remove free radicals) improved function of ATP- sensitive potassium channels

CEP (2 decks)

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