CV and Respiratory

Question 1

where is the pectoralis major inserted?

Answer 1

the humerus

Question 2

define the terms origin and insertion

Answer 2

origin is where the muscle orignates from- does not move and insertion is where it attaches to- moves when muscle contracts

Question 3

which nerves supply the pectoralis major

Answer 3

medial and lateral pectoral nerves arising from the brachial plexus

Question 4

actions of the pectoralis major?

Answer 4

adduction of the humerus, medial rotation of the humerus

Question 5

surface markings of the apex of the lung

Answer 5

3cm or 2 finger breadths above the anterior end of the clavicle

Question 6

surface markings of the lower border of the lung

Answer 6

4th sternal edge, 6th midclavicular, 8th midauxillary, 10 posteriorly

Question 7

surface markings of the lower border of the pleural cavity

Answer 7

anteriorly 8th rib, midclavicular 10th, posteriorly 12th rib

Question 8

surface markings of the oblique fissure

Answer 8

on both lungs- posteriorly starting at the 4th rib following the line of the scapular along the 5th rib, ending anteriorly at the 6th rib

Question 9

surface markings of the horizontal fissure

Answer 9

on right lung only (has 3 lobes) follows 4th costal cartilage

Question 10

name the accessory muscles of respiration

Answer 10

Don’t (diaphragm) Exercise (external intercostal muscles) In (internal intercostals) Quicksand (quadratus lumborium) also pectoralis major

Question 11

what is the development significance of the ligamentum arteriosum

Answer 11

it is a shunt from the pulmonary artery to the aorta to bypass the lungs in foetal life as they are not exposed to Oxygen

Question 12

what are the main branches of the left common carotid artery and what do they supply?

Answer 12

internal- most of the cerebrum and external carotids- the face and upper neck

Question 13

what tissues does the left subclavian artery supply

Answer 13

the left arm and some of the shoulder and neck

Question 14

what are the main branches off the aortic arch in order

Answer 14

brachiocephalic artery, left common carotid and left subclavian

Question 15

what does the phrenic nerve supply and which vertebrae does is arise from

Answer 15

C3,4,5 Supplying the diaphragm

Question 16

where does the phrenic nerve enter the diaphragm

Answer 16

it enters through the oesophageal hiatus in the diaphragm at T10

Question 17

surface markings of the apex of the heart

Answer 17

5thh intercostal space, midclavicular.

Question 18

Atheroma

Answer 18

A degenerative hardening and blood vessel. Causes an accumulation of lipid in vessel walls

Question 19

What is the principal route of lymphocyte migration?

Answer 19

Via blood vessels

Question 20

What cells line the mitral valve

Answer 20

Vascular endothelial cells line the mitral valve

Question 21

Composition of the AV node

Answer 21

The av node is composed of speicalisrd muscle fibres

Question 22

Amyloid deposition

Answer 22

An inertprotein deposited in blood vessels involved in the inflammatory response but not atherma formation

Question 23

Infundibulum

Answer 23

The funnel shaped cavity/ orifice which leads to semilunar valves from the ventricles in the heart

Question 24

Function of chordae tendinae

Answer 24

Connect the tricuspid and bicuspid valves to the papillary muscles

Question 25

Function of papillary muscles

Answer 25

Ensure the chordae tendinae are at optimal length for opening and closing the atrio ventricular valves during contraction and relaxation

Question 26

Diastole and systole

Answer 26

Relaxation and contraction of the heart muscle

Question 27

what is the respiratory zone of the lungs?

Answer 27

this is the area from the respiratory bronchioles onwards

Question 28

where is the | conduction zone of the lungs?

Answer 28

from the top of the trachea to the beginning of the respiratory bronchioles

Question 29

describe the bohr effect

Answer 29

haemoglobins affinity to oxygen is inversely proportional to both the acidity and concentration of CO2. IE the more CO2 and more acidic the blood is the less likely oxygen is to bind with haemoglobin.

Question 30

Define respiratory quotent

Answer 30

the ratio of CO2 produced to O2 consumed- roughly 0.8

Question 31

What is the foremen ovals and what happens if it fails to close?

Answer 31

An area in the inter atrial septum which allows blood to flow from the right atrium to the left in the foetus. If it does not close, venous and arterial blood will mix which can lead to cyanosis, because the oxygen saturation of the blood has been reduced.

Question 32

What 2 conditions show fine end respiratory crackels on examination?

Answer 32

idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and asbestosis

Question 33

which enzyme is commonly elevated in the serum of a patient with sarcoidosis?

Answer 33

serum ACE level