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Y1 Medicine > CV&R Anatomy > Flashcards

CV&R Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Which lung has 3 lobes ?

A

Right
Superior, middle and inferior

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2
Q

Where is the pulmonary artery situated at the hilum ?

A

Superior

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3
Q

Where is the pulmonary vein situated at the hilum ?

A

Inferior

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4
Q

Where are the bronchi situated at the hilum ?

A

Posterior

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5
Q

How many lobar (primary) bronchi are there in each lung ?

A

3 right, 2 left

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6
Q

How many segmental (secondary) bronchi are there in each lung ?

A

Right 10, left 8

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7
Q

What carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs ?

A

Pulmonary arteries

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8
Q

What carries oxygenated blood away from the lungs ?

A

Pulmonary veins

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9
Q

What are auricles on the heart ?

A

Look like pig ears

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10
Q

What is the coronary sulcus on the heart ?

A

Ridge created by auricles, marks the atrioventricular groove

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11
Q

What lies between the ventricles exteriorly ?

A

Anterior intraventricular artery

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12
Q

What is the difference between the right and left bronchus ?

A

The right is shorter, straighter and wider
This means inhaled objects are more likely to be found here

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13
Q

What are the fissures of the lungs ?

A

Right = horizontal and oblique
Left = oblique

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14
Q

What nerve is responsible for vocal cord paralysis ?

A

Recurrent laryngeal nerve

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15
Q

What causes laryngeal nerve damage ?

A

Tumour
TB/Nodes
Trauma

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16
Q

What is contained in the superior mediastinum ?

A

Aortic arch
SVC
Vagus Nerve
Phrenic nerve
Thymus
Trachea
Oesophagus
Thoracic duct

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17
Q

What is contained in the anterior mediastinum ?

A

No major structures

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18
Q

What is contained in the middle mediastinum ?

A

Heart (+pericardium)
Left and right main bronchi
Ascending aorta
Pulmonary trunk
SVC
Cardiac plexus
Phrenic nerves

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19
Q

What is contained in the posterior mediastinum ?

A

Descending aorta
Post. Intercostal arteries
Bronchial arteries
Azygous veins

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20
Q

At what vertebral level does the oesophagus pass through the diaphragm?

A

T10

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21
Q

At what level does the IVC pass through the diaphragm?

A

T8

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22
Q

At what level does the aorta pass through the diaphragm?

A

T12

23
Q

What rib muscle is involved in inspiration ?

A

External intercostals

24
Q

What rib muscle in involved in expiration ?

A

Internal intercostals

25
Q

Where does the thoracic duct drain ?

A

The left venous angle

26
Q

What are lipids ?

A

Insoluble in water
3 classes = cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipid

27
Q

What are the Crista terminalis ?

A

A boundary between the smooth and rough walls

28
Q

What is the fossa ovalis ?

A

The remnant of the opening between R and L atria

29
Q

What are the papillary muscles ?

A

They stop the cusps of the valves reopening during systole

30
Q

What are the chordae tendinae ?

A

Attaches cusps to papillary muscles

31
Q

What are trabeculae carnae ?

A

Muscular ridges in the wall of the ventricle

32
Q

How much thicker are the muscles in the L ventricle compared to R ?

A

2-3 times thicker

33
Q

What is the pressure in the pulmonary circuit and the capillaries?

A

10-25 mmHg

34
Q

What is the pressure in the venous system ?

A

5-10 mmHg

35
Q

Where does oxygenated blood flow into a baby?

A

The umbilical vein

36
Q

What allows blood to pass by the liver in babies ?

A

Ductus venosus

37
Q

What reduces the oxygenation aortic blood in babies ?

A

Ductus arteriosus

38
Q

What is the annulus fibrosis ?

A

A fibrotendinous ring which insulates electrical signals in the heart

39
Q

What mechanism can affect HR ?

A

Sympathetic = increases HR (tachycardia)
Parasympathetic = decreases HR (bradycardia)

40
Q

What nerve decreases the SA node HR from 100bpm to 70bpm ?

A

The vagus nerve (X) PARASYMPATHETIC
R side = SA
L side = AV
Neurotransmitter = Acetylcholine binds to muscarinic receptors
Makes membranes hyperpolarised

41
Q

What do cardiac sympathetic fibres do ?

A

Leave spinal cord at T1-T5
Supply ventricles and atria
NT = Noradrenaline binding to B1 adrenoceptors
Increase AV conduction speed, decrease myocyte length, increase relaxation rate, increase contractile force (SV)

42
Q

What is Virchow’s node ?

A

Lymphatic bulge above clavicle next to neck
Suggests tumour, most commonly stomach

43
Q

What epithelium lines nasal cavity — bronchi ?

A

Pseudostratified ciliated epithelium with goblet cells

44
Q

What is the trachea supported by ?

A

10-12 C-shaped hyaline cartilages (can see chondrocytes)
Posteriorly, cartilage joints trachealis smooth muscle

45
Q

What does the trachea epithelium contain additionally ?

A

Submucosa which is rich in seromucous glands

46
Q

What is the organisation of bronchi cartilage ?

A

Irregular plates

47
Q

What are large bronchioles epithelium ?

A

Simple ciliated columnar

48
Q

What happens as bronchioles decrease in size ?

A

Epithelium becomes cuboidal
Ciliated cells replaced with club cells

49
Q

What cells make up the alveoli ?

A

Type I pneumocytes (40%) : SQUAMOUS - gas exchange
Type II pneumocytes (60%) : CUBOIDAL - surfactant production (also progenitor for both type I + II)

NB type I take up 95z of alveolar surface

50
Q

What is the composition of the endocardium ?

A

Simple squamous epithelium
CT (containing pukinjie fibres + small blood vessels)

51
Q

What is the composition of the myocardium ?

A

Cardiac muscles

52
Q

What is the composition of the epicardium ?

A

Mesothelial cells = visceral pericardial layer (produce pericardial fluid)
Adipose tissue

53
Q

What are the differences between veins and arteries ?

A

Veins = tunica media thinner than adventitia, smooth muscles cells aren’t as organised , VALVES

54
Q

pH calculation

A

pH = -log10H+

Y1 Medicine (5 decks)

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