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S1 MAP > CV Risk Factors > Flashcards

CV Risk Factors Flashcards

1
Q

what is a cardiovascular risk factor?

A

factor that predisposes an individual to development of atherosclerosis

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2
Q

considerations taken into account when labeling something as a CV risk factor

A

strong statistical association
consistent across gender, age…
biology: makes biological sense
treatment that favorably changes risk factor should reduce the incidence of disease
factor must make independent contribution to increasing an individual’s risk of developing disease

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3
Q

CV risk factor types

-examples

A 
modifiable
-blood pressure
-obesity
-alcohol consumption
-smoking
-exercise
direct CV markers
-abnormal blood lipid levels
-high-sensitivity to C-reactive protein
-NT-proBNP
unmodifiable risk factors
-age
-gender
-family history
-ethnic origin
-diabetes type I
-previous MI/stroke
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4
Q

CV risk factors or health indicators (8)

A 
age
smoking
obesity
BP
cholesterol
diabetes
family history
physical activity level
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5
Q

smoking as a risk factor

  • counted toward risk stratification if…
  • has adverse effects on…
A 
counted if
-current
-quit w/in last 6 months
adverse effects on
-tissue healing times
-lung function
-CV function
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6
Q

HP 2020

  • what is it for?
  • what does it say?
A

for nutrition/weight status and risk of illness
maintain healthy diet and weight to reduce risk of
-pretty much any bad disease

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7
Q

role of diet in health

A

important in preventing disease and controlling morbidity

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8
Q

increased consumption of energy dense foods high in _____ and low in _____ has led to increases in obesity, diabetes, CV disease, cancer, and osteoporosis

A

high in saturated fat

low in unprocessed carbs

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9
Q

current nutritional patterns

  • energy intake averages (industrialized countries)
  • increase in calories from _____ fat
  • fat to energy ratio is…
  • servings of fruits/vegetables…
A

3380 kcal per capita per day
increase in calories from aimal fat
fat to energy ratio above recommended 35%
fruit/vegetable servings varies significantly i different parts of world

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10
Q

proper nutrition national resources

A

choose my plate

my pyramid worksheet

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11
Q

obesity

-definition

A

imbalance of energy intake and expenditure

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12
Q

BMI

  • how do you calculate it?
  • categorizations
A 
weight (in kg)/height squared (in meters)
categories
-underweight: below 18.5
-normal: 18.5-24.9
-overweight: 25.0-29.9
-obese: 30.0 and above
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13
Q

energy expenditure for weight loss (expenditure vs. intake)

A

200-300 kcal more expended than consumed

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14
Q

obesity relation to physical function

A

negative effect on performance in children (mental and physical)
negative effect on physical function in older adults
increased musculoskeletal pain limiting work
increased low back pain and depression limiting work
decreased force production and muscle activation
increased frequency of total hip and knee and poorer total knee outcomes

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15
Q

implications of obesity for PTs

A

measure BMI in all clients
-consider waist circumference and waist:hip ratio as well
prescribe appropriate exercise for weight loss and other musculoskeletal limitations
evaluate effect of obesity on PT outcomes

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16
Q

central adiposity study findings

A

low fitness and central obesity were independently and cumulatively associated with increased mortality in coronary artery disease patients attending cardiac rehab

17
Q

abdominal adiposity associated with increased risk for…(4)

A

type 2 diabetes
dyslipidemia
hypertension
CV disease

18
Q

waist circumference evidence

A

when BMI is normal, waist circumference not enough
when BMI is overweight, waist circumference can indicate whether weight is muscle or fat
risk increase when waist circumference measures
-women > 35 inches (88 cm)
-men > 40 inches (102 cm)

19
Q

waist and hip circumference and risk

A

slide 25

20
Q

systolic vs. diastolic

A

systolic
-time when heart contracts and blood moves out along vessels
diastolic
-time when heart relaxes and blood fills the heart

21
Q

high BP can lead to…

A

stroke
blood vessel damage arteriosclerosis)
heart attack or heart failure
kidney failure

22
Q

classification of BP in adults

A

-systolic 160 OR diastolic > 100 = hypertension stage 2

23
Q

classification of BP

A

for individuals not taking antihypertensive medication and not acutely ill
higher risk category should be used

24
Q

potential lifestyle modifications for HTN

A 
weight control
dietary management
increase physical activity
alcohol moderation
restriction of dietary sodium (Na+)
adequate intake of dietary Ca2+, K+, Mg2+
stress managment
smoking cessation
check with MD
25
Q

endurance training and BP

A

generally reduces resting BP

training-induced changes generally reverse if training is stopped

26
Q

HTN and physical therapy outcomes

A

HTN management may affect post-stroke outcomes
HTN associated with faster rates of mental and physical decline in community dwelling older adults
comordidity has negative effect on physical functioning
patients with LBP who used narcotics have higher incidence of HTN

27
Q

cholesterol and atherosclerosis

A

-phospholipids start in liver and are synthesized in all body cells
cholesterol is an essential component of cell membranes and myelin sheaths

28
Q

lipid component sources

A

exogenous (absorbed from GI tract)

endogenous (formed within cells)

29
Q

main lipids (4)

A

triglycerides
VLDL
LDL
HDL

30
Q

VLDL

  • produced in…
  • rich in…
  • transports…
  • breaks down into…
A

produced in liver
rick in TG (>65%) and cholesterol (20%)
transports endogenous lipids outside liver
breaks down into LDL

31
Q

LDL

  • occurs from…
  • composed of…
  • accounts for how much of total blood cholesterol
  • contain…
  • high _____ potential
  • activates…
  • if there is too much…
A

occurs from breakdown of VLDL
> 60% cholesterol
accounts for >60% of total blood cholesterol
contain apoprotein B-100
high atherogenic potential
activates monocytes –> macrophages (inflammation in vessels)
if too much, it builds up in the blood and creates plaque, causing atherosclerosis

32
Q

HDL

  • produced where?
  • function
  • does not contain…
  • protective against
A

produces outside liver
transports cholesterol released due to cell membrane turnover (normal) to the liver (scavenger)
do not contain apoprotein B-100
protective against atherosclerosis

33
Q

triglycerides

  • used by…
  • stored in…
  • how are they transported and why that way?
A

used by muscle cells for energy production
stored in adipose tissue for later use
packaged in lipoproteins for transport in blood because all lipid molecules (cholesterol and TG) are insoluble in water

34
Q

chylomicrons and lipoproteins

A 
transport dietary lipids to other parts of body
inner core of sterols
-cholesterol
-steroid hormones
outer shell of protein receptors
-lipoprotein a
-lipoprotein b
they could not travel around in blood without shell of proteins
35
Q

relationships between cholesterol and heart disease

A

marked increase in incidence of MI with total cholesterol > 200 mg/dl
MI correlation stronger for LDL than with total cholesterol
elevated apoB (LDL like) also associated with CHD
low levels of HDL

36
Q

cholesterol panel in adults

A 
desirable
-LDL 60
borderline
-LDL 130-159
-total 200-239
high
-LDL >160
-total >240
37
Q

effects of exercise on lipoproteins

A 
increases HDL
endurance training increases
-receptor activity
-HDL
-lipoprotein lipase LPL (enzyme that changes VLDL to LDL)
endurance training decreases
-LDL (increases transformation of cholesterol into bile)
-triglycerides

S1 MAP (2 decks)

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