CV system

Question 1

What are the roles/functions of the CV system?

Answer 1

• Controls blood transport around body
• Transports oxygen and nutrients to tissues
• Removes carbon dioxide and lactate from tissues
• Regulates body temperature
• Supports immune function.

Question 2

Where is the location of the left and right branches?

Answer 2

Inter ventricular septum

Question 3

What is Venous return?

Answer 3

The flow of blood back to the heart through the venous circulation

Question 4

What is Coronary circulation?

Answer 4

The flow of blood through the many vessels that pierce the myocardium

Question 5

What is Bradycardia?

Answer 5

Resting heart rate of less than 60 bpm

Question 6

What is Tachycardia

Answer 6

Resting heart rate above 100bpm

Question 7

Which vessels supply blood to the right atrium?

Answer 7

Vena Cava

Question 8

What are the six factors aiding venous return?

Answer 8

1. Skeletal Muscle Pump
2. Smooth Muscle Contraction
3. One way semi lunar valves
4. Gravity
5. Emptying of right atrium
6. Contraction of the diaphragm

Question 9

Where is ECG lead RA located?

Answer 9

Medial border of deltoid, 2 cm below the lower border of the clavicle in the right and left infra-clavicular fossae.

Question 10

Where is ECG lead LA located?

Answer 10

In the same location where RA was placed, but on the left side.

Question 11

Where is ECG lead RL located?

Answer 11

Right leg electrode to the anterior axillary line midway between the iliac crest and the costal margin.

Question 12

Where is ECG lead LL located?

Answer 12

In the same location where RL was placed, but on the left leg.

Question 13

Where is ECG lead V1 located?

Answer 13

In the fourth intercostal space (between ribs 4 and 5) just to the right of the sternum (breastbone).

Question 14

Where is ECG lead V2 located?

Answer 14

In the fourth intercostal space (between ribs 4 and 5) just to the left of the sternum.

Question 15

Where is ECG lead V3 located?

Answer 15

Between leads V2 and V4.

Question 16

Where is ECG lead V4 located?

Answer 16

In the fifth intercostal space (between ribs 5 and 6) in the mid-clavicular line.

Question 17

Where is ECG lead V5 located?

Answer 17

Horizontally even with V4, in the left anterior axillary line.

Question 18

Where is ECG lead V6 located?

Answer 18

Horizontally even with V4 and V5 in the mid-axillary line.

Question 19

What are the factors required to report an ECG?

Answer 19

• Rhythm
• Conduction intervals
• Cardiac axis
• A description of the QRS complexes
• A description of the ST segments and T waves.

Question 20

What are the three electrodes forming Einthovens Triangle?

Answer 20

RA, LA, LL

Question 21

what does the ST segment represent?

Answer 21

Interval between S & T wave

Question 22

What does the P wave represent?

Answer 22

Depolarisation of atriums

Question 23

What does the T wave represent?

Answer 23

Repolarisation of ventricles

Question 24

What does the QRS complex represent?

Answer 24

Depolarisation of ventricles

Question 25

How do we calculate heart rate from an ECG, using the R-R time interval?

Answer 25

Count how many R-R intervals over a 10 seconds, multiply by 6.

Question 26

where are the 4 main pulse sites located?

Answer 26

Radial, Carotid, Brachial, Femoral

Question 27

What is the formula for cardiac output?

Answer 27

Cardiac output(Q)=Stroke volume(SV) x Heart rate(HR)

Question 28

What is the formula for blood pressure?

Answer 28

Blood pressure=Cardiac output(Q) x systemic vascular resistance(SVR)

Question 29

Explain Vasoconstriction

Answer 29

Blood vessel radius decreases, leading to higher blood pressure and decreased blood flow.

Question 30

Explain Vasodilation

Answer 30

Blood vessel radius increases, leading to lower blood pressure and increased blood flow.

Question 31

What is the role of Norepinephrine?

Answer 31

Norepinephrine upregulates heart rate.

Question 32

What is the role of Acetylcholine?

Answer 32

Acetylcholine down regulates heart rate

Question 33

What is the formula for cardiac reserve?

Answer 33

Maximal cardiac output/Resting cardiac output

Question 34

Explain the cardiac response to exercise

Answer 34

↑ Venous return → ↑ Left ventricular filling pressure ↑ →Stretching of ventricular muscle fibres prior to contraction ↑ Strength of ventricular contraction (Frank Starling Mechanism) ↑ SV

Question 35

Whats the formula for blood flow?

Answer 35

Blood flow = Pressure gradient x vessel radius4 / Vessel length x viscosity4

Question 36

What are the detriments of blood pressure?

Answer 36

Blood volume Peripheral resistance Stroke volume Heart rate

Question 37

What are the ABP testing mechanisms

Answer 37

Haematological monitoring modified by blood doping

Question 38

How do we work out Myocardial workload

Answer 38

Rate Pressure Product (RRP)

Question 39

What is systolic blood pressure?

Answer 39

Contraction of the heart

Question 40

What is diastolic blood pressure?

Answer 40

Relaxation of the heart

Question 41

Which part of the autonomic nervous system increases heart rate?

Answer 41

The sympathetic nervous system.

Question 42

What neurotransmitter does the sympathetic nervous system release to increase heart rate?

Answer 42

Norepinephrine (noradrenaline).

Question 43

Which receptors in the heart are stimulated by norepinephrine to increase heart rate?

Answer 43

Beta-1 adrenergic receptors.

Question 44

Which nerve carries parasympathetic signals to decrease heart rate?

Answer 44

The vagus nerve.

Question 45

What neurotransmitter does the parasympathetic nervous system release to slow heart rate?

Answer 45

Acetylcholine.

Question 46

What is the overall effect of parasympathetic activity on the sinoatrial (SA) node?

Answer 46

It decreases heart rate (negative chronotropic effect).