CVR

Question 1

upper respiratory tract components

Answer 1

nasal cavity
pharynx
larynx

Question 2

lower respiratory tract components

Answer 2

trachea
bronchi
lungs

Question 3

function of the nasal cavity

Answer 3

• olfaction
• respiration
• humidification of inspired air
• filtration of dust
• immunological role- trapping and removing pathogens

Question 4

boundaries of the nasal cavity

Answer 4

roof
floor
lateral wall
medial wall

Question 5

pharynx

Answer 5

pharyngeal muscles
- constrictors
-innervated by CNX
- longitudinal
-innervated by CNX
-stylopharyngeus innervated by CNIX

Question 6

paranasal sinus

Answer 6

• frontal
• sphenoidal
• ethmoidal - has 3 (smaller)
  -anterior
  -middle
  -posterior
• maxillary

Question 7

trachea

Answer 7

connection of the larynx to the bronchi
surrounded by c-shaped cartilaginous rings

Question 8

bronchi

Answer 8

primary lobar bronchi
-right shorter, wider, more vertical
secondary lobar bronchi
-superior, middle, inferior
tertiary lobar bronchi
-10 bronchopulmonary segments

Question 9

bronchial tree

Answer 9

tubular structures - continuously divides + get smaller
conducting airways only move air, no gas exchange
resp airways - where gas exchange occurs
ends at the alveolar sacs
eventually loses cartilaginous support
smooth muscles surrounds bronchioles
alveoli are surrounded by capillary networks

Question 10

lungs

Answer 10

• site of gas exchange
• sit within the pleural cavity surrounded by the pleural membrane

-parietal and visceral pleura

Question 11

3 lobes of the right lung

Answer 11

superior
middle
inferior

Question 12

hilum of the right lung features

Answer 12

bronchi
pulmonary arteries
pulmonary veins

Question 13

left lung features

Answer 13

2 lobbes
smaller - due to space taken up by the heart
lingula

Question 14

hilium of the left lung features

Answer 14

bronchi
pulmonary arteries
pulmonary veins

Question 15

thoracic cage function

Answer 15

breathing
protection
conduit for other structures

Question 16

ventilation

Answer 16

intercostals
-external, internal, innermost

Question 17

vent - musculature

Answer 17

• expansion of thoracic cavity
• decrease in intrathoracic pressure allows the influx of air to the lungs
• increasing intrathoracic pressure allows exhalation

Question 18

define partial pressure

Answer 18

pressure exerted by a gas within a mixture of gases
EG. CO2

Question 19

what is dalton’s law

Answer 19

sum or partial pressures for all gases in a mixture = total pressure

Question 20

what are the variables of partial pressure

Answer 20

number of molecules of the gas, volumes, temp

Question 21

what is diffusion

Answer 21

gases travel from areas of high conc to low conc
down a partial pressure gradient

Question 22

why is dead space important

Answer 22

-useful to know how much inspired air actually participate in gas exchange

-need to know how much doesn’t go into Vd and subtract it

-gives idea of alveolar volumes

Question 23

partial pressure is dependant on ….

Answer 23

elevation above sea level

Question 24

the trachea is ……. cartilage

Answer 24

horse-shoe shaped

Question 25

function of trachea

Answer 25

protects the windpipe (trachea) prevents inward collapse

Question 26

cartilage is not present in ......

Answer 26

bronchioles

Question 27

bronchioles

Answer 27

mucosal

Question 28

which cells secrete mucus

Answer 28

which cells secrete mucus

Question 29

working out partial pressure

Answer 29

fraction that gas represents x total pressure

Question 30

alveolar and arterial O2 are maintained at ......

Answer 30

equilibrium

Question 31

how is the trachea kept clean

Answer 31

airways are mucosal tissues goblet cells secrete mucus dirt/pathogens trapped and expelled by movement of cilia problems : smoking

Question 32

what is the connection between lungs and thorax

Answer 32

chest wall and lungs are elastic pleural cavity contains pleural fluid that can't expand fluid linkage - JOINS TOGETHER so when the chest wall moves so do the lungs

Question 33

explain the elastic recoil of the lungs

Answer 33

pull inwards and chest wall pulls outwards at rest creates a negative pressure in the pleural cavity lung volume under these conditions = FUNCTIONAL RESIDUAL CAPACITY

Question 34

how to calculate lung distending pressure

Answer 34

Pressure inside (P lower in)- Pressure outside (P lower out)= lung distending

Question 35

chest wall/lung distending pressure

Answer 35

Pressure inside (P lower in) – Pressure outside (P lower out)

Question 36

describe breathing in / inspiration

Answer 36

- diaphragm contracts- downward pull - major inspiratory muscle respornsible for quiet breathing - other muscles utilised during eg. excercise, coughing - volume of thorax and lungs INCREASE

Question 37

describe boyle's law

Answer 37

when the volume increases pressure decreases

Question 38

which two functional units are the airways divided into

Answer 38

conducting zone repiarotry zone

Question 39

explain breathing out / expiration

Answer 39

- diaphragm, relaxes- upwards push - other muscles more important durig forces breathing beyogng FRC to redidual volume - volume of thoarx and lungs decreases - pressure in the lungs increase airflows from a high prssure to low pressure

Question 40

conducting zone

Answer 40

move,ent of air to gas exchanging regions inspired air warmed and humidified

Question 41

respiratory zone

Answer 41

presence of alveoli gas exchange

Question 42

desrcibe the movement of gases in the functional units

Answer 42

- conducting zone- bulk flow - respirtory zone- branching INCREASES cross-sectional area, speed of flow DECREASES

Question 43

how to calculate total flow

Answer 43

speed (decreases) x area (increase) - therefore unchanged

Question 44

what does diffusion require

Answer 44

airflow - inspired air entering alveoli blood flow - via pulmonary capillaries

Question 45

how is boyle's law expressed

Answer 45

P ∞ 1/V

Question 46

what is the pressure in the pleural cavity at rest

Answer 46

negative

Question 47

what does the negative pleural pressure in the pleural cavity at rest

Answer 47

what does the negative pleural pressure in the pleural cavity at rest

Question 48

what is the figure for functional residual capacity

Answer 48

2.5L

Question 49

what are problems of the trachea + primary bronchi keeping clean

Answer 49

problems: smoking- ciliary arrest, asthma/inflammation- increased viscosity mucous

Question 50

what does the big gradient between blood + tissues do

Answer 50

drive oxygen down the latter