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cardiovascular system year 1 > CVS anatomy > Flashcards

CVS anatomy Flashcards

(69 cards)

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1
Q

what is the cardiovascular system

A

heart - pump
blood vessels
lymphatics

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2
Q

what are the functions of the 3 types of blood vessesl

A

arteries - distribute blood away from heart
capillaries - exchange nutrients
veins - collect and return blood to the heart

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3
Q

what is the function of the lymphatics

A

drain XS extracellular fluid from tissues

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4
Q

what happens if XS fluid builds up in tissues

A

oedema

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5
Q

where is the CVS located

A

heart - middle mediastinum
blood vessels - everywhere except cartilage
lymphatics - everywhere except brain and eyes

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6
Q

what is the mediastinum

A

block of structures standing in between the 2 pleural cavities

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7
Q

where is the superior mediastinum located

A

above the sternal angle up to the first rib

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8
Q

where is the inferior mediastinum located

A

below the sternal angle down to the diaphragm

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9
Q

what is the inferior mediastinum split up into

A

anterior, middle and posterior mediastinum

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10
Q

what is located in the middle mediastinum

A

the heart

this is the biggest mediastinum

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11
Q

describe the anterior mediastinum

A

it is small
thin cleft between the pericardium and the sternum
contains fat, fibrous tissue and sternal pericardial ligament

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12
Q

what is located in the posterior mediastinum

A

aorta, oesophagus, sympathetic chains

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13
Q

what are the 2 main circulations

A

pulmonary: heart, lungs, heart
systemic: heart, body, heart

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14
Q

what are the other types of circulation apart from the 2 main ones

A

portal systems: hepatic portal circulation

lymphatic system

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15
Q

what are portal systems

A

seen in the liver, pituitary and hypothalamus

set of veins that being in the vein, break up into capillaries and ends up in veins again

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16
Q

how is the heart orientated

A

faces slightly to the left and downwards

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17
Q

what are the great vessels of the heart

A

L and R pulmonary veins (enter the L atrium posteriorly)
superior and inferior vena cava
R and L pulmonary artery (join to form the pulmonary trunk)
aorta - ascending, aortic arch, descenfing

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18
Q

where is the aortic arch loctaed

A

T4

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19
Q

what chamber forms the apex of the heart

A

L ventricle

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20
Q

which chamber forms the base of the heart

A

L atrium

sits posteriorly
lies in front of the oesophagus

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21
Q

which vessels enter the R atrium

A

superior and inferior vena cava

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22
Q

which vessels leave the R ventricle

A

L and R pulmonary artery

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23
Q

which vessels enter the L atrium

A

L and R pulmonary veins

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24
Q

which vessels leave the L ventricle

A

aorta

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25
what is the thymus gland
dissipates at puberty | fibrous fatty mass remains that lies in the anterior mediastinum
26
where does the heart lie in recumbent position
vertebra T5-T8 (middle 4 T vertebrae)
27
where is the apex of the heart located
5th L intercostal space in the midclavicular line some references say 4th IC space
28
where is the LA located
wholly posterior | lies in front of the oesophagus
29
why does the heart move up and down
as you breath - attached to the diaphragm | gravity - drops slightly as you stand up (T6-9)
30
what is the position of the heart in children
higher up and lies more horizontal
31
what is situs inversus
dextrocardia | heart has swung to R side of chest rather than L
32
anterior anatomical relations of the heart
sternum and costal cartilages 4-7 anterior edges of the lungs and pleura - cover the front of the heart thymic remnants
33
posterior anatomical relations of the heart
oesophagus descening aorta thoracic vertebrae 5-8
34
lateral anatomical relations of the heart
lungs | phrenic nerve
35
inferior anatomical relations of the heart
central tendon of diaphragm | heart sits on and is attached to the central tendon
36
what are the 3 layers of the heart wall
endocardium - innermost myocardium epicardium - outermost
37
describe the endocardium
lines heart chambers single layer of simple squamous epithelium (endothelium) sitting on BM and connective tissue forms valves
38
describe the myocardium
thick middle layer of heart wall cardiac muscle branching fibres w/ single central nu, myocytes connected by intercalated discs many mitochondria rich capillary bed muscle bundles in different planes to close down chamber lumen
39
describe the epicardium
outer layer of heart wall simple squamous epithelium lying on BM with a thin layer of connective tissue underneath contains main branches of coronary arteries may be fatty
40
what is epicardium epithelium also known as
visceral layer of serous pericardium
41
descibe all the layers of the heart from inner to outer
``` endocardium myocardium epicardium (visceral layer of serous pericardium) pericardial cavity parietal layer of serous pericardium fibrous pericardium ```
42
what is the fibrous pericardium
layer around the visceral and parietal pericardium, protective function (dense, connective tissue)
43
what is the function of the coronary arteries
supply the tissue of the heart with oxygenated blood
44
what are the 4 chambers of the heart
R and L atrium | R and L ventricle
45
how is the direction of blood flow in the heart controlled
valves
46
what is carried in the vena cava
deoxy blood from body
47
what is carried in the pulmonary artery
deoxy blood to lungs
48
what is carried in the pulmonary vein
oxy blood from lungs
49
what is carried in the aorta
oxy blood to rest of body
50
what forms the R boreder of the heart
R atrium (mainly)
51
what forms the inferior border of the heart
R and L ventricle
52
what forms the L border of the heart
L ventricle
53
what forms the superior border of the heart
the great vessels
54
define cusps
thin structures derived from endocardium
55
do herat valves work actively or passively
passively
56
what 2 structures prevent valve failure and how
chordae tendineae papillary muscles prevent the valves inverting
57
why are heart valves clinically important
abnormalities - incompetence (widening, blood flows out and leaks back) stenosis (narrowing, blood can't get through) infection - bacterial endocarditis, valve can be destroyed
58
what are the 4 heart valves
pulmonary valve aortic valve mitral valve tricuspid valve
59
which valves are semilunar valves
aortic and pulmonary each have 3 cusps
60
which type of valve is the L AV valve
mitral valve | bicuspid
61
what type of valve is the R AV valve
tricuspid
62
what is the fibrous cardiac skeleton composed of
dense connective tissue
63
where does the fibrous cardiac skeleton lie
in the plane between the atria and ventricles | this plane corresponds to AV groove/orifices of the heart
64
what is the role of the fibrous cardiac skeleton
structural support - AV septum, roots of great vessels, anchorage for valves, myocytes/capillary network electrical insulation - atria from ventricles, myocardium from great vessels
65
how does blood enter the coronary arteries during systole and diastole
systole - openings in aortic sinuses shielde by aortic valve cusps diastole - elastic recoil of aorta closes aortic valve and blood enters arteries, myocardium relaxes and blood can flow into capillaries
66
where are the coronary arteries located
in the epicardium
67
what holds the heart in place
hangs by great vessels within fibrous pericardium dense connective tissue bag attachments - central tendon of diaphragm, sternum, roots of great vessels lined by serous pericardium heart free to move
68
describe the serous pericardium
epithelium secretes pericardial fluid - lubricant visceral and parietal layer allows freedom of movement during cardiac cycle
69
what are the visceral and parietal layers of the pericardium bound to
visceral - heart parietal - fibrous pericaridum visceral and parietal layers are continuous and form a closed bag

cardiovascular system year 1 (13 decks)

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