CVS Diseases

Question 1

What are the Risk Factors in Coronary Heart Disease?

Answer 1

High LDL, Smoking, Diet, High BP, Obesity, Stress, Hyperthyroidism, Male>Female

Question 2

What are the signs and symptoms of Coronary Heart Disease?

Answer 2

Symp: Angina, Dysponea
Signs: 4th Heart Sound, Anaemia, Basal Crackles, Murmur, Reduced Pulses, Xanthelasma (fat deposits round eyelids), Tar staining, raised JVP

Question 3

What is the treatment for Coronary Heart Disease?

Answer 3

Lifestyle: Decrease - weight & LDL, Increase exercise, Smoking cessation
Drugs: NSAIDs, Statins, ACE inhibitors, GTN
Surgery: Stent, Bypass

Question 4

What is a NSTEMI

Answer 4

Non ST Elevation MI, partial occlusion of coronary artery causing ischaemia to supplied area

Question 5

What are risk factors in MI’s

Answer 5

Hight LDL, High BP, Diabetes, smoking, obesity, Increasing age, acute coronary syndrome

Question 6

What are the Signs & Symptoms of NSTEMI

Answer 6

Symp: constricting chest pain, dysponea, clamy, palpitations, shock
Signs: raised troponin, ST depression, T wave investion

Question 7

What test allows you to identify if patient has STEMI or NSTEMI/unstable angina

Answer 7

ECG

Question 8

What test would identify if patient has NSTEMI or unstable angina

Answer 8

12 hour troponin

Question 9

What is the treatment for an NSTEMI

Answer 9

Aspirin (anti-platelet), Heparin (anticoagulant), Beta-blocker (reduces HR), Statin (lowers LDL), ACEi (lowers BP), pain meds (morphine)

Question 10

What is a STEMI

Answer 10

ST Elevation MI, complete occlusion of coronary artery causing necrosis to the supplied area

Question 11

What are the Signs & Symptoms of STEMI

Answer 11

Symp: Tight chest pain (>20mins), Dysponea, Clammy, Syncope, Arrhythmia, Shock
Signs: ST-elevation, raised troponin, raised creatine kinase, low BP

Question 12

What are the treatments for STEMI

Answer 12

O2
Meds: Aspirin, Clopidogrel, GTN, Beta-Blockers, ACEi, Statin
Surgery: Stent

Question 13

What is Hypertension

Answer 13

blood pressure above which benifits of treatment outweigh the risks in terms of morbidity and mortality

Question 14

What is stage 1 hypertension

Answer 14

Clinical BP of 140/90 mmHG or higher

Question 15

What is stage 2 hypertension

Answer 15

Clinical BP of 160/100 mmHG or higher

Question 16

What is severe hypertension

Answer 16

Clinical systolic BP of 180+ or diastolic of 110 +

Question 17

What are the risk factors of hypertension?

Answer 17

idiopathic, renal disease, arterial stenosis, MI, Stroke, Obese, High Na, stress, low birth weight

Question 18

What are the symptoms of hypertension

Answer 18

usually asymptomatic

Headache, Nausea, Confusion, blurred vison

Question 19

What are the treatments for hypertension

Answer 19

Lifestyle: reduce - weight/Na intake/LDL/alcohol consumption, stop smoking
Med: ACEi, Beta-Blocker, CCBs, Diuretics (think ABCD)

Question 20

What is stable angina

Answer 20

Chest pain due to poor blood flow in coronary arteries

Question 21

Risk factors in stable angina

Answer 21

Diabetes, high BP, high LDL, smoking

Question 22

Exacerbating factors of stable angina

Answer 22

Cold weather, exercise, stress, large meal

Question 23

Symptoms of stable Angina

Answer 23

chest tightness that goes away after rest (1-5mins)

Question 24

Treatment of Angina

Answer 24

Think NBC - Nitrates (GTN), Beta-Blocker &CCBs

Also use ACEi

Question 25

What is Aortic Stenosis

Answer 25

Narrowing of aortic valve

Question 26

What is Aortic Regurgitation

Answer 26

Leaky aortic valve causing blood to flow back into left ventricle

Question 27

What is Mitral Stenosis

Answer 27

Narrowing of mitral valve

Question 28

What is Mitral Regurgitation

Answer 28

Leaky Mitral valve, causes blood to flow back into left atrium

Question 29

What are the causes of Aortic Stenosis

Answer 29

Congenital, rheumatic fever, age related calcification

Question 30

What is the pathology of aortic stenosis

Answer 30

Narrowing of valve -> restricts blood flow - ischaemia -> LV failure & arrythmia

Question 31

What are signs & Symptoms of aortic stenosis

Answer 31

Symp: if mild none; worse=syncope, angina, palpitations; severe=heart failure Signs= murmur radiating to carotid, carotid pulse with small volume

Question 32

Treatment of Aortic Stenosis

Answer 32

Meds: ACEi, Diuretics Surg: Valve replacement, balloon valvuloplasty

Question 33

Causes of Aortic regurgitation

Answer 33

Congeniteal, rheumatic fever, endocarditis, syphilis, high BP (SCREAM)

Question 34

Signs & Symptoms of Aortic regurgitation

Answer 34

Symp: often none, fatigue, oedema, dysponea, angina, arrhythmia Signs: Tachycardia, cyanosis, pulm oedema, murmur

Question 35

Treatment of aortic regurgitation

Answer 35

Med: vasodilator, diuretics, AB Surg: prosthetic valve

Question 36

Causes of Mitral stenosis

Answer 36

congenital, rheumatic fever, age related calcification

Question 37

Pathology of Mitral stenosis

Answer 37

narrowing -> restric flow to LV -> increase atrial pressure -> increase atrial size

Question 38

Signs & Symptoms of Mitral stenosis

Answer 38

Symp: dysponea, fatigue, peripheral oedema, angina Sign: murmer radiating to axilla, oedmea, arrythmia, increased JVP, loud S1

Question 39

treatment of Mitral stenosis

Answer 39

Med: diuretics, anticaog, BB, AB | Valve replacement

Question 40

Causes of Mitral regurgitation

Answer 40

rheumatic fever, MV prolapse, endocarditis, myocarditis, congeniteal