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Respiratory Physiology > Cvs Histology > Flashcards

Cvs Histology Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

What is an angiogenesis

A

Differentiation of new vessels during embryonic development

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2
Q

What does it mean that endothelial cells can perform transcytosis

A

This means that endothelial cells can transport compounds through the cytoplasm from one side of the cell to the second side inside endocytic vesicles

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3
Q

What are elastic arteries

A

They are the big arteries e.g aorta

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4
Q

Cell adhesion common in the intercalated discl

A

Fascia adherens
Desmosome
Gap junctions

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5
Q

What are muscular arteries

A

Muscular arteries are middle sized arteries e.g radial arteries , brachial artery and femoral artery

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6
Q

Vasculogenesis

A

Is the differentiation of new vessels during embryonic development

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7
Q

Functions of circulatory system

A

Transport of blood
Regulation of blood pressure
Exchange of gases, nutrients and waste
Transport of hormones
Transport of constituents of immune system, enzymes etc

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8
Q

Organization of the heart

A

Endocardium
Myocardium
Epicardium/pericardium

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9
Q

Organization of blood vessels/lymphatic vessesls(except capillaries)

A

Tunica intima
Tunica media
Tunica adventita

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10
Q

Constituents of the heart

A

It contains cardiac muscles
A skeleton of fibrous tissue, which contains 4 rings surrounding the valve orifice
2 support the base of the atrium( the aorta and pulmonary trunk)
The other 2 is found at the atrioventricular orifice

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11
Q

Functions of fibrous skeleton

A

It serves as an electrical insulator between the atria and ventricle
It provides a point of attachment for valve leaflets
It provides a site of attachment for atria and ventricular myocardium
It serves as a base of attachment of major atria
E.g pulmonary artery and ascending aorta

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12
Q

Structure of the inner layer of endocardium

A

It consists of an endothelium
Basal lamina
Sub endothelial connective tissue

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13
Q

Structure of middle layer of endocardium

A

It consists of a middle layer of smooth muscle cells and
connective tissue

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14
Q

Structure of the outer layer of endocardium

A

It consists of subendocardial connective tissue which is continuous with the connective tissue in myocardium

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15
Q

Classifications of myocardium

A

General and specialized myocardium

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16
Q

What is general myocardium

A

This type is connected with atrial and ventricular contractility

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17
Q

Division of specialized myocardium

A

Those with specialized electrical properties e.g pace makers

Those which help in hormone secretion e.g anp

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18
Q

Functions of anp

A

Anp means atria natriuretic peptide
It regulates blood volume and cardiac output

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19
Q

What is the hearts conducting system

A

It is a network of nodes, that is specialized to transmit electrical impulses

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20
Q

Components of the heart’s conducting system

A

Sino atria node
Atrioventricular node
Atrioventricular bundle of his

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21
Q

Describe the Sinoatrial node

A

It is located in the right atrium
Electrical impulses are generated here
It acts independently of the nervous system (automaticity)

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22
Q

How are impulses transmitted from the right to the left atrium

A

Via a group of myocardial cells called Bachman’s bundle

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23
Q

How are impulses transmitted from the SA node to the AV node

A

Via anterior and posterior internodal pathway

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24
Q

Why is the myocardial tissue of the atrium and ventricle not in contact

A

There is need for spacing of their excitation and consequently their contractility

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25
What is dysrythmia
Abnormality in the rythm of heart or brain
26
Describe the atrioventricular node
It consists of a group of specialized myocardial cells which helps to slow down condition It transmits impulses to the ventricles via the bundle of his
27
Describe the bundle of his
It is made up of specialized myocardial cells called purknje cells These cells send purknje fibers to the general myocardium which then facilitates contraction of the ventricles
28
Divisions of the epicardium
Visceral Parietal pericardium
29
Another word for epicardium
Visceral Pericardium
30
Constituents of pericardium
It consists of a single layer of myothelial cell With underlying connective tissue and adipose tissue Blood vessels and nerves that supplies the heart are found here
31
Components of heart valves
Fibrosa Spongiosa Ventricularis
32
Describe fibrosa
It is made up of connective tissue proper, it contains fibers from the dense irregular connective tissue of the skeletal rings It forms core of the heart
33
Describe spongiosa
It is made up of loose c.t, elastic fibers , collagen interspersed with proteoglycans It is located on the atria side of each valves
34
Why are the mitral and the triscuspid valve thin and not strong
Pressure
35
What happens when the ventricles contract
The aortic and pulmonary valves open While the mitral and triscuspid valves close
36
What prevents back flow of blood
The attachment of tendinous cords to the wall of the ventricles. This cord is held in place by the papillary muscles to prevent the valves from entering the atria
37
Describe the tunica intima
It is the innermost layer , lined by endothelium , overlying a basement membrane and a layer of sparse connective tissue. It is selectively permeable It produces cell adhesive molecules during inflammation reactions It secretes chemicals that enhances constriction and dilation of blood vessels It normally repels platelets and coagulation factors that might form a clot
38
Describe the tunica media
It is the middle layer It consists of smooth muscles, collages and elastic tissues It strengthens blood vessels and prevents pressure from rupturing them Changes in diameter of blood vessels is brought by smooth muscles in tunica media
39
Describe the tunica externa
It is the outermost layer It consists of loose connective tissue which often merges with those of neighboring vessels and organs It anchors the vessels and provides passageway for small nerves and lymphatics Macrophages, fibroblasts and collagen fibers can be found here
40
Types of arteries
Muscular arteries Elastic arteries Arterioles
41
Another name for elastic arteries
Conducting arteries
42
Examples of elastic arteries
Aorta Pulmonary arteries Common carotid Common iliac arteries
43
Another name for muscular arteries
Medium or distributing arteries
44
Functions of muscular arteries
They supply blood to the muscles Smaller muscular arteries are important in vasoconstriction and dilation
45
Functions of muscular arteries
They supply blood to the muscles Smaller muscular arteries are important in vasoconstriction and dilation
46
Examples of muscular arteries
Femoral arteries Brachial arteries
47
What are metaarterioles
They are short vessels that link arterioles to capillaries
48
Small muscle cells of metarterioles form what
Precapillary sphincter
49
Types of capillaries
Fenestrated Continuous Discontinuous capillaries
50
Another word for discontinuous capillaries is what
Sinusoidal capillaries
51
Which capillaries have the largest diameter
Discontinuous capillaries
52
Differences between continuous and discontinuous capillaries
In continuous, there are gap junctions between adjacent endothelial walls therefore they are less permeable to large substances They are present in muscular cells and in nervous cells. They contain pinocytotic vesicles In discontinuous capillaries there are large spaces between adjacent endothelial walls therefore materials can Move in and out It is found in liver, bone marrow , spleen
53
Where are fenestrated capillaries found Describe fenestrated capillaries
In kidneys and endocrine glands They have thin endothelium, the wall of the cytoplasm are perforated at intervals by pores. This therefore allow particles /materials to cross through the cells
54
Which capillaries has thick cytoplasm
Continuous capillaries have thick cytoplasm Fenestrated capillaries have thin cytoplasm
55
What is arteriosclerosis
This is a degenerative change in arteries, making them less elastic
56
What is atherosclerosis
Deposition of fat, cholesterol and other substances on and in the arterial walll
57
What are venules
They are small vein that drain the capillary network They have endothelial cells, basement membrane and few muscle cells As the diameter of venules increases, the amount of smooth muscles in tunica media also imcreases
58
Describe small veins
Tunica intima is thin Tunica media is thin with circular smooth muscles Tunica adventita is thick , with longitudinally arranged collagenous elastic fiber deposits
59
Describe medium veins
They serve as a go between small veins and large veins
60
Describe large veins
They have thin tunica media They contain endothelial cells, thin layers of connective tissues and few scattered elastic fibers Their tunica adventita is made up of spirally arranged collagen fibers, elastic lamella, and longitudinal smooth muscles

Respiratory Physiology (2 decks)

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