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Diseases of the human systems > CVS medicine > Flashcards

CVS medicine Flashcards

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1
Q

What is arterioscelorosis?

A

The hardening and loss of elacity in arterial walls

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2
Q

What is Atheroscelorosis?

A

A hardening of an artery specfically due to atheromatous plaque

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3
Q

What is the most important risk factor of Atheroscelorsis?

A

Hyperlipidemia

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4
Q

What does Atheroscelorosis normlly result in the formation of?

A

An atheroma

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5
Q

What are the 2 processes involved in the formation of an Atheroma?

A

A Chronic inflammation process followed by a healing response

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6
Q

What happens in the chronic inflammation process of a atheroma formation?

A
  1. There is a C. Inflam. response to lipoproteins which damages endothelial cells
  2. Endothelial cells change cell surface receptor and become more permeable to lipids
  3. Change in adhesion molecules for monocytes so they can attach to endothelium allowing them to move into the blood vessel walls
  4. These monocytes include macrophages and T cells which result in the formation of Foam cells and fatty streaks
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7
Q

What happens in the healing phase of a atheroma formation?

A
  1. There is a proliferation of smooth muscle cells
  2. Fibrous tissue begins to form
  3. Growth factors are produced (such as PDGF, FGF)
  4. A Fibro fatty plaque forms with central mass of lipid and necrotic tissue
  5. neovascularization, haemorrhage and calcification may occur
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8
Q

What are foam cells?

A

During the formation of an atheroma the macrophages engulf the lipids making them large and pale, resulting in the name foam cells

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9
Q

What are the effects of atheroscelorosis?

A

Ischemia, Thrombosis, Embolism, Infarcation

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10
Q

What is a kaposi sarcoma?

A

A low grade malignant blood vessel tumour

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11
Q

What is primary prevention?

A

Trying the prevent the disease from happening in the first place e.g. trying to encorage a healthier diet

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12
Q

What is secondary prevention?

A

trying to detect disease early and prevent it from getting worse

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13
Q

How do antiplatelet drugs affect platelets?

A

They affect platelet function or the number of platelets

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14
Q

How do anticoagulent drugs affect platelets?

A

They interfere with the coagulation cascade

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15
Q

What drug should be given to a victim of a heart attack immediatly

A

Aspirin

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16
Q

What is a major side effect of aspirin

A

G.I. bleeding

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17
Q

What drug is key in the management of unstable angina and NSTEMI

A

Clopidogrel (is a antiplatelet)

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18
Q

Name 2 anticoagulents

A

Warafin, Rivaroxiban, Apixaban, Dabigatran, Edoxaban

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19
Q

How do Statins work

A

They inhibit cholesterol synthesis in the liver

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20
Q

Statins are given to patients who have or at risk of high?

A

Cholesterol

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21
Q

What common dental drug do statins have a possible mytosis with

A

Fluconazole

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22
Q

What are Beta blockers used for

A

To manage arrhythmia and protect the heart from a second heart attack or cardiac arrest

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23
Q

What type of chrontropes are Beta blockers

A

negative

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24
Q

What are diuretics used for

A

As a antihypertensive and for heart failure

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25
How do diuretics works
They increase salt and water loss
26
What are the 2 types of diuretics and what are they mainly used for
Thiazide diuretics- mainly given for high blood pressure | Loop diuretics- mainly given for heart failure (by treating oedema)
27
What are the 2 types of Nitrates
Short and long acting
28
what is a short acting nitrate used for and give an example of 1
Emergency treatment of angina pectoris, and Glyceryl trinitrate(GTN)
29
What is a long acting nitrate used for and give an example of 1
Prevention of angina pectoris, and Isosorbide Mononitrate
30
What is angina pectoris
Reversible ischaemia of heart muscle
31
How do nitrates work
By dilating veins, resistance arteries and coloateral coronary artery supply
32
What are Calcium channel blockers used for
To treat Hypertension and migranes
33
what are ACE inhibitors used for
Treating high blood pressure, heart failure and are often presribed following a heart attack
34
How do ACE inhibitors works
By inhibiting conersion of Angiotensin I to II
35
Name a ACE inhibitor
Enalapril, Ramapril (pril ending)
36
what are possible oral reactions to ACE inhibitors
Angio oedema, Lichenoid reaction
37
What is coronary heart disease
when the blood vessels suppplying the heart are blocked or narrowed
38
What are the 2 types of angina pectoris
Stable and unstable
39
What would an ECG have on a patient that has angina
A S-T segment depression
40
What is peripheral vacular disease
'Angina' of the tissues outwith the heart and brain
41
What are the 2 types of myocardinal infarction
STEMI and NSTEMI
42
what is dealier, STEMI or NSTEMI
STEMI
43
What would there be increased levels of in a patient with myocardinal infarction
Troponin levels
44
What are the differences between STEMI and a NSTEMI, both on a ECG and in the actual heart
``` STEMI= a S-T segement elavation on the ECG and complete occlusion of the blood vessel NSTEMI= No S-T segment elevation in an ECG and there is only a partial occlusion of the blood vessel ```
45
What drugs would be given to a victim of a MI to prevent a further one
beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, Aspirin
46
What values of systolic and diastolic blood pressure would be classed as high BP
a Systolic BP > 140mm/Hg | a Diastolic BP> 90 mm/Hg
47
What drugs treat hypertension
Thiazide diuretics, Beta blockers, Ca channel blockers and ACE inhinitors
48
What is dysponea
Difficult or laboured breathing
49
What are the valves of the heart
Aortic, Pulmonic, Mitral, Tricuspid
50
Who are valve defects common with
Elderly and the Downs
51
What are the causes of valve disease
Cogneital abnormality MI Dilation of the aortic root Rheumatic failure
52
What valves most commonly fail in the heart
The left valves (Aortic and Mitral)
53
What is valve stenosis
Narrowing of the valve opening
54
What is the best way to investigate valve disease
Doppler ultrasound
55
Is it ok to replace an infected valve
No
56
What is the clinical life of a mechanical valve
<30 yrs
57
What is the clinical life of a tissue valve
<10 yrs
58
What medication is needed for a patient with a metal valve
Warafin
59
What is the drug therapy for heart failure
1. diuretics to increase salt/water loss 2. ACE inhibitors to decrease salt/water retention 3. nitrates to decreased venous filling pressure 4. inotrope to increase strength of contraction
60
What is tachycardia
when the heart beats too fast, >100bpm
61
Name 2 tachyarrhythmias
Atrial fibrillation | Ventricular vibrillation
62
What is Bradycardia
When the heart beats too slow <60bpm
63
Name 2 Bradyarrhythmias
Heart block | Drug inuced
64
What on a ECG shows heart block
prolonged p-q intervals
65
What is heart block
Slow/no conduction through AV node to ventricles of impulse from SA node
66
How does a tachyarrhythmia affect cardiac function
It impairs cardiac function by reducing diastolic filling time
67
What does a atrial tachyarrhythmia look like on a ECG
Narrow QRS
68
What does a ventricular tachyarrhythmia look like on a ECG
Broad QRS
69
what can a ventricular tachyarrhythmia lead to
Ventricular fibrillation then death
70
What is no clear P wave on a ECG mean
Atrial fibrillation
71
What is atrial fibrillation
Rapid atrial impulses conducted to ventricles giving high HR and disorganised atrial activity
72
What type of pulse does atrial fibrillation give
An irregularly irregular pulse
73
What do pacemakers treat
Bradyarrhythmias
74
What dental instrument is best to avoid theoretically in a patient with a pace maker
Induction scaler
75
What is ventricular fibrillation
Unstable heart electrical activity
76
Can you treat Ventricular F with a Defib
yes
77
Can you treat astyole with a Defib
No
78
Most common congenital heart defect?
Atrial septal defect
79
What is cyanosis
when there is 5g/dl or more of deoxygenated Hb in the blood
80
What is the cause of central cyanosis
cogenital heart disease
81
Ventricular septal defect can lead to what?
long term heart failure
82
what is patent ductus arteriosus
A connection between Aorta and pulmonary artery
83
What test is there to confirm angina
rest and exersize ECG, Angiography, Blood test for troponin levels
84
What cardiac medicine can cause xerostomia
Diuretics (in the elderly)
85
MI symptoms and signs?
Swaeting, nausea Pale, Feelig as if they are going to die, short breath
86
What causes a myocardial infarction and what happens to the tissue as a result
ATHEROMA in the CORONARY VESSELS PLAQUE surface DETATCHES AND GETS TRAPPED DOWNSTREAM BLOOD FLOW TO TISSUE IS STOPPED COMPLETELY TISSUE NECROSIS BEGINS
87
What is bacteraemia
bacteria in the bloodstream

Diseases of the human systems (3 decks)

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