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CVS Notes Flashcards

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1
Q

Blood is

A

The only fluid tissue in the human body.

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2
Q

Two parts of blood

A

Living cells (formed elements), and non-living matrix (plasma).

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3
Q

The pH level of blood

A

between 7.35 and 7.45

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4
Q

Blood temperature

A

is slightly higher than body temperature.

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5
Q

Plasma is

A

90% water. The other elements are nutrients, salts, respiratory gases, hormones, proteins, and waste products.

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6
Q

Albumin

A

a plasma protein that regulates osmotic pressure.

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7
Q

Antibodies

A

plasma proteins that protect the body from antigens.

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8
Q

Six elements of plasma

A

nutrients, salts, respiratory gases, hormones, proteins, and waste products.

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9
Q

Three formed elements of blood

A

Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, platelets.

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10
Q

Erythrocytes

A

mainly carry oxygen.

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11
Q

Anatomy of RBC

A

biconcave disks, are bags of hemoglobin, have no nucleus and few organelles.

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12
Q

Ratio of RBC

A

they outnumber WBC 1000 to 1.

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13
Q

Hemoglobin

A

iron containing proteins that bind strongly to oxygen. Each has four oxygen binding sites. 250 million in each RBC.

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14
Q

Leukocytes

A

bodily defense. Complete cells with nucleus and organelles. Respond to chemicals.

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15
Q

Leukocytes move

A

in and out of blood vessels (diapedesis). Also move by ameboid motion.

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16
Q

Ratio of WBC

A

between 4000 and 11000 cells per mL.

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17
Q

Leukocytosis

A

WBC levels above 11000, indicates infection.

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18
Q

Leukopenia

A

low WBC levels, caused by drugs.

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19
Q

Granulocytes

A

Leukocytes with granules in cytoplasm. Includes neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils.

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20
Q

Agranulocytes

A

lack granules. Lymphocytes and monocytes.

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21
Q

Neutrophils

A

multilobed nucleus. Phagocytes at infection.

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22
Q

Eosinophils

A

Large brick-red granules. Respond to allergies and parasitic worms.

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23
Q

Basophils

A

Histamine granules, instigate inflammation.

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24
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Agranulocytes. Nucleus fills the cell. Immune response.

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25
Monocytes
Largest WBC. Macrophages, fight chronic infection.
26
Platelets
ruptured multinucleate cells. necessary for clotting. 300,000 per cubic millimeter.
27
Hematopoiesis
blood cell formation. In the red bone marrow.
28
Hemocytoblast
stem cell of blood. Lymphoid produces lymphocytes, myeloid produces other formed elements.
29
Erythrocytes life
do not divide. Live 100 to 120 days. Eliminated in liver.
30
RBC production is controlled by
erythropoietin, which is produced by kidneys.
31
Hemostasis
stoppage of blood flow.
32
Steps of hemostasis
1. platelet plug 2. vascular spasms 3. coagulation
33
Platelet plug
collagen fibers are exposed, platelets stick to fibers. Platelets release chemicals to attract more platelets.
34
Vascular spasms
Platelets release seratonin. Muscles spasms narrow the blood vessels.
35
Coagulation
Thromboplastin is released by injured tissues. PF(3) interacts with thromboplastin and clotting factors. Prothrombin activator converts prothrombin to thrombin. Thrombin joins fibrinogen into fibrin. Fibrin forms network.
36
Blood takes _ to _ minutes to clot.
3 to 6 minutes.
37
Thrombus
clot in unbroken vessel
38
Embolus
thrombus which breaks away.
39
Thrombocytopenia
platelet deficiency. Normal movements can cause bleeding.
40
Hemophilia
Hereditary bleeding disorder. Clotting factors are not present.
41
Loss of 15 to 30%
causes weakness
42
Loss of over 30%
causes shock
43
Blood cells in fetus
created in liver and spleen. Bone marrow takes over by 7th month.
44
Pericardium 2 parts
Visceral (inner), Parietal (outer), filled with serous fluid.
45
Three layers of heart
Epicardium, myocardium, endocardium.
46
Atria
intake blood
47
Ventricles
discharge blood
48
Vessels of the heart
Aorta, Pulmonary arteries (2), Vena cavae (2), Pulmonary veins (4)
49
Rate of the heart is controlled by
Medulla Oblongata
50
Cardiac Cycle
1. Atria contract 2. Atria relax 3. Systole (ventricles contract) 4. Diastole (ventricles relax)
51
Cardiac Cycle
event of one complete heart beat.
52
5 types of vessels
Arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins
53
Arteries
carry blood away from heart.
54
Veins
carry blood to heart.
55
Capillaries
transfer oxygen.
56
Three layers of veins
Tunic intima, tunic media, tunic externa
57
Tunic intima
Endothelium
58
Tunic media
Smooth muscle, controlled by sympathetic nervous system.
59
Tunic externa
Fibrous connective tissue.
60
Artery walls are
thickest.
61
Lumens (opening) of veins
are largest.
62
Skeletal muscle
milks blood towards heart.
63
Capillary beds
Arterioles, capillaries, and venules.
64
Vascular shunt
connects anteriole to venule.
65
True capillaries
exchange vessels, the site of oxygen and nutrient exchange (vein to cell) and carbon dioxide and waste products (cell to vein).
66
Pulse
pressure wave of blood, monitored at pressure points.
67
Systolic
pressure at peak of ventricular contraction.
68
Diastolic
pressure when ventricles relax.
69
Pressure is ___ related to distance from heart.
inversely related.
70
Neural factor of blood pressure
Autonomic division adjusts. Renal regulates by altering volume. Renin - hormonal control.
71
Temperature effect on BP
Heat causes vasodilation, Cold causes vasoconstriction.
72
Factors that affect BP
Neural system, hormones, temperature, chemicals, diet.
73
Normal BP
140-110 mmHg systolic, 80-75 mmHg diastolic.
74
Hypotension
Low systolic (<110)
75
Hypertension
High systolic (>140)
76
Average pulse
70-85 Bpm
77
7th week of development
heart becomes 4 chambered.

Anatomy (2 decks)

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