CVS Week 8

Question 1

Topic 1: Embryological Development of the Heart
2. Q: What is the embryonic origin of the heart?

Answer 1

A: The heart develops from the cardiogenic mesoderm, a region of splanchnic mesoderm.

Question 2

Topic 1: Embryological Development of the Heart
3. Q: What contributes to outflow tract septation?

Answer 2

A: Neural crest cells.

Question 3

Topic 1: Embryological Development of the Heart
4. Q: What contributes to the epicardium and coronary vessels?

Answer 3

A: Proepicardial cells.

Question 4

Topic 1: Embryological Development of the Heart
5. Q: What is the primary pacemaker of the heart?

Answer 4

A: Sinoatrial (SA) node.

Question 5

Topic 1: Embryological Development of the Heart
6. Q: What structures form the heart’s conduction system?

Answer 5

A: AV node, His bundle, Purkinje fibers.

Question 6

Topic 2: Septation of the Heart
1. Q: How is the AV canal partitioned?

Answer 6

A: Endocardial cushions grow and fuse, dividing the AV canal into right and left AV canals.

Question 7

Topic 2: Septation of the Heart
2. Q: How does atrial septation occur?

Answer 7

A: Septum primum forms first, leaving the foramen primum. Foramen secundum forms before closure, and the septum secundum develops alongside it.

Question 8

Topic 2: Septation of the Heart
3. Q: What completes ventricular septation?

Answer 8

A: The interventricular septum, endocardial cushions, and bulbus cordis.

Question 9

Topic 2: Septation of the Heart
4. Q: What structures give rise to heart valves?

Answer 9

A: Endocardial cushions.

Question 9

Topic 3: Embryological Development of Blood Vessels
1. Q: What does the aorta develop from?

Answer 9

A: Aortic sac and dorsal aortae.

Question 10

Topic 3: Embryological Development of Blood Vessels
3. Q: Where do coronary arteries originate from?

Answer 10

A: Epicardium and endothelium.

Question 11

Topic 3: Embryological Development of Blood Vessels
2. Q: How do aortic arches contribute to the major arteries?

Answer 11

A: They remodel into the adult arterial pattern.

Question 12

Topic 3: Embryological Development of Blood Vessels
4. Q: What are the early venous systems?

Answer 12

A: Cardinal veins (embryo drainage), vitelline veins (yolk sac), umbilical veins (placental oxygenated blood).

Question 13

Topic 3: Embryological Development of Blood Vessels
5. Q: How do lymphatic channels form?

Answer 13

A: Endothelial sacs arise from veins.

Question 14

Topic 4: Circulation in Utero
1. Q: What is the primary site of fetal oxygenation?

Answer 14

A: Placenta, not lungs.

Question 15

Topic 4: Circulation in Utero
2. Q: What shunts bypass the fetal lungs?

Answer 15

A: Foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus.

Question 16

Topic 4: Circulation in Utero
Q: What is the fetal blood flow pathway?

Answer 16

A:Oxygenated blood from placenta via umbilical vein
Bypasses liver via ductus venosus
Right atrium → foramen ovale → left atrium
Right ventricle → ductus arteriosus → aorta
Deoxygenated blood exits via umbilical arteries.

Question 17

Topic 4: Circulation in Utero
Q: What happens to fetal shunts at birth?

Answer 17

A: They close due to circulatory pressure changes.

Question 17

Topic 5: Congenital Heart Defects
2. Q: Examples of left-to-right shunts?

Answer 17

A: PDA, VSD, ASD, PFO.

Question 18

Topic 5: Congenital Heart Defects
1. Q: What is a congenital heart defect?

Answer 18

A: A structural heart abnormality present at birth.

Question 19

Topic 5: Congenital Heart Defects
3. Q: Examples of right-to-left shunts?

Answer 19

A: Tetralogy of Fallot, TGA.

Question 20

Topic 5: Congenital Heart Defects
4. Q: Examples of obstructions?

Answer 20

A: Coarctation of aorta, pulmonary stenosis, aortic stenosis.

Question 21

Topic 6-8: Congenital Heart Diseases
1. Q: What causes Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)?

Answer 21

A: Failure of the ductus arteriosus to close.

Question 22

Topic 6-8: Congenital Heart Diseases
1. Q: What murmur is heard in PDA?

Answer 22

A: Continuous “machinery-like” murmur.

Question 23

Topic 6-8: Congenital Heart Diseases 2. Q: How is PDA managed?

Answer 23

A: Indomethacin (prostaglandin inhibitor), surgery.

Question 24

Topic 6-8: Congenital Heart Diseases 1. Q: What defines Tetralogy of Fallot?

Answer 24

A: VSD, overriding aorta, pulmonary stenosis, RV hypertrophy.

Question 25

Topic 6-8: Congenital Heart Diseases 2. Q: What defines Transposition of Great Arteries (TGA)?

Answer 25

A: Aorta from RV, pulmonary artery from LV (separate circuits).

Question 26

Topic 6-8: Congenital Heart Diseases 3. Q: What is Coarctation of the Aorta?

Answer 26

A: Aortic narrowing causing hypertension in upper body.

Question 27

Topic 9: Cardiovascular Changes in Pregnancy 1. Q: Why does the CV system change in pregnancy?

Answer 27

A: To meet fetal needs and increase blood volume.

Question 28

Topic 9: Cardiovascular Changes in Pregnancy 2. Q: What happens to cardiac output in pregnancy?

Answer 28

A: ↑ 30-50%.

Question 29

Topic 9: Cardiovascular Changes in Pregnancy 3. Q: What happens to plasma volume in pregnancy?

Answer 29

A: ↑ 40-50%, leading to hemodilution.

Question 30

Topic 9: Cardiovascular Changes in Pregnancy 4. Q: What ECG shift occurs?

Answer 30

A: Right axis shift due to uterus pushing the diaphragm up.

Question 31

Topic 9: Cardiovascular Changes in Pregnancy 5. Q: What is pre-eclampsia?

Answer 31

A: Hypertension + proteinuria after 20 weeks gestation.

Question 32

Topic 9: Cardiovascular Changes in Pregnancy 6. Q: What are key risk factors for pre-eclampsia?

Answer 32

A: Nulliparity, multiple gestation, obesity, HTN, diabetes.