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PHSL232 > CVS.2 > Flashcards

CVS.2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the key role of the circulatory system

A

provide nutrients and remove waste

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2
Q

what does the circulatory system require

A

driving force (heart)
conduit system (vascular bed) e.g. arteries, capillaries, veins

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3
Q

what are the two juxtaposed systems

A

systemic (rest of body) and pulmonary (lungs)

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4
Q

what is the route that blood takes from the left atrium to right ventricles for the systemic circulation

A

ventricle to aorta to arteries to arterioles to capillaries to vena cava to right atrium

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5
Q

what is the route that blood takes for the pulmonary circulation

A

right atrium and ventricle to pulmonary artery to arterioles to capillaries to venules to pulmonary vein to LA to LV

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6
Q

what is the equation for blood flow

A

Q= change in pressure gradient/ resistance

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7
Q

if there is a bigger diameter e.g. the garden hose is wider what does this mean for resistance and blood flow

A

R= lower (flow can easier get through)
Q = Higher

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8
Q

what is blood flow proportional to

A

pressure gradient
radius

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9
Q

what is blood flow inversely proportional to

A

resistance
length
viscosity

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10
Q

the walls of all types of blood vessels contain

A

endothelium

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11
Q

what will decrease blood flow

A

decrease pressure gradient and decrease radius

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12
Q

what % of blood volume is in veins

A

40$ - largest proportion

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13
Q

if decrease area what does this mean for velocity

A

increase

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14
Q

when is there the larges pressure changes
and this is also when pulsatile flow decreases

A

arterioles

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15
Q

if the capillary thin wall what does this mean for diffusion distance

A

small

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16
Q

if there is low velocity what does this mean for diffusion

A

longer time

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17
Q

as branching is reduce as blood flows back to heart what does this mean for cross sec area

A

decrease

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18
Q

when is the pressure lowest

A

right atrium

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19
Q

what system does blood pressure lowest and pulsatile flow decreases

A

pulmonary circuit

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20
Q

do arteries have high elastic tissue or high smooth muscle

A

high elastic

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21
Q

high smooth muscle is seen more in arterioles or arteries

A

arterioles

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22
Q

are arterioles involved in contraction/relaxation or elastic roil

A

contraction/ relaxation

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23
Q

what are the two functions of elastic arteries

A
  1. distribute blood
  2. pressure reservoir
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24
Q

when does recoil happen - during diastole or systole

A

diastole

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25
Q

when does stretching and store of potential energy occur

A

systole

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26
Q

how is the cardiac cycle important for blood flow

A

maintain arterial flow

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27
Q

arteries have a high compliance
- in ageing and CVD if decrease compliance and increase stiffness then what does this mean for blood flow

A

dysregular

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28
Q

what are the two main function of arterioles

A
  1. determinant of resistance
    2, controlling regional blood flow
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29
Q

do arterioles vasocontrict or vasodilate

A

vasoconstriction

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30
Q

what is the diastolic pressure

A

minimum pressure just before ventricles contract

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31
Q

when is the systolic pressure

A

maximum arterial pressure during peak ventricular ejection

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32
Q

what is the calculation for MAP

A

diastolic pressure + 1/3 x (SP-DP)

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33
Q

if blood pressure is lower 90/60mmHg

A

hypotension

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34
Q

what is a critical homeostatic variable

A

MAP

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35
Q

what does arterial pressure depend on

A

blood flow (Q)
Total peripheral resistance (TPR)

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36
Q

explain regional blood flow

A

blood flow is distributed across the body to different vascular beds to match demand - MAP remains stable

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37
Q

in blood distribution what are there changes in

A

resistance and flow

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38
Q

compared to the aorta, arterioles have a _____ diameter and _____ elastic tissue

A

smaller and less

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39
Q

what will decrease mean arterial blood pressure

A

reducing total peripheral resistance
- think of the equation of MAP=Q = TPR

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40
Q

in sympathetic NS what does noradrenaline bind to
- and what does it lead to

A

binds to a-adrenergic receptors
leads to vasoconstriction

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41
Q

low numbers of a-adrenergic receptors in brain means what for vasoconstriction

A

limited
- need constant flow

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42
Q

what areas of the body have high numbers of a-adrenergic receptors

A

skin and GI

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43
Q

what oxide relaxes smooth muscle

A

nitric oxide

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44
Q

what areas of the body have specialised innervation system of vasodilation

A

GI system
Reproductive (penis)

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45
Q

in hormonal control constriction and dilation have what hormone

A

adrenaline

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46
Q

what hormone does skin predominantly have and what vaso is this

A

more alpha that beta
vasoconstriction

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47
Q

what hormone does skeletal muscle predominantly have and what vaso is

A

more beta
vasodilation

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48
Q

what is it called when hormones play a role in long-term regulation

A

vasoactive

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49
Q

what two hormones are control long term of CO with increaseing BV

A
  • antidiuretic - increase H2O reabsorption
  • Angiotensin 11 - stimulate Na+ reabsorption
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50
Q

what is the hormone for long term control of cardiac output of decrease Blood volume and what does it do to water

A

Artial natriuretic peptide - decrease H2O reabsorption

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51
Q

local factors such as active hyperaemia and flow auto-regulation can alter what

A

vascular diameter

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52
Q

local factors are autoregulation what does this mean

A

self-regulating
no nerves or hormones involved

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53
Q

active hyperemia leads to whar vaso
meaning what for blood flow

A

vasodilation
- blood flow is increased

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54
Q

active hyperemia change blood to match what

A

changes in local metabolism

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55
Q

flow autoregulation is the control of blood flow to maintain what

A

flow with changes in perfusion pressure

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56
Q

autoregulation helps to maintain what

A

steady blood flow

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57
Q

in flow autoregulation
if decrease pressure then what does this mean for vaso

A

vasodilation

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58
Q

in flow regulation
increase pressure (smooth muscle)

A

vasoconstriction

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59
Q

direct sympathetic stimulation of systemic arterioles can cause

A

vasoconstriction mediated by a-adrenergic receptors

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60
Q

the aorta and large arteries maintain the flow of blood during diastole BECAUSE the strong elastic recoil of the arterial walls force blood away from the heart as aortic valve shut

A
  • both true and causally related
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61
Q

what is smaller capillaries or veins

A

capillaries

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62
Q

what are the capillaries made up of

A

endothelium only

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63
Q

what is smallere venule, vein or vena cava

A

venule -> vein -> vena cava

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63
Q

capillaries have large total cross-sectional area what does this mean for blood velocity

A

very low

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64
Q

what is the main function of capillaries

A

exchange of nutrients and metabolic end products

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64
Q

what are venules made up of

A

fibrous tissue and endothelum

64
Q

capillary hydostatic pressure is responsible for H2O out or in the capillary

A

ouut

64
Q

what does capillary circulation controlled by

A

local metabolic factors, precapillary and metarterioles

65
Q

osmotic force is responsible for H2O out or in the capillary

A

in o capillary

66
Q

intersitial fluid hydostatic pressure responsible for putting H2O in or out of capillary

A

in

67
Q

osmotic force due to interstitial fluid protein concentration resposible for H2O in or out

A

out

68
Q

capillary osmotic pressure also known as

A

albumin

69
Q

what does the balance of fluid depend on

A

location

69
Q

what are the most important determined of capillaries fluid exchange

A

capillary hydrostatic and osmotic (capillary)

69
Q

for capillary hydrostatic pressure what is the major determinant in the small arterioles

A

resistance - upstream

70
Q

of the blood vessels, capillaries have the _____ cross-sectional area and the ______ blood flow velocity

A

highest, lowest

70
Q

what increases net filtration = OUT

A

decrease hydro and increase osmotic

70
Q

what increase net (re) absorbtion - IN

A

decrease hydro and increase osmotic

71
Q

what tissue are involved in net filtration

A

kidney

72
Q

what is the function of the veins

A

high capacitance vessels which mean blood volume reservoir

73
Q

veins initally increase in pressure which mean there is a large increase in ___

A

volume

74
Q

when noreadrenalin binds to a= adrenergic recptors what veno and does this increase or decrease flow

A

venoconstriction
increase flow

75
Q

when does pressure differ - when standing up or lying down

A

standing - blood pools to lower limb
- increase with distance below heart

76
Q

what prevent venous pooling

A

vein valves

77
Q

what is it called when blood flows in both direction adn valves in the leg are damaged

A

varicose vein

78
Q

does inhalation or exhalation facilitate venous return

A

inhalation

79
Q

increase _____ and decrease ______ in inhalation

A

increase intra-abdominal
decrease intrathoracic

80
Q

exhalation with diaphragm relaxing - prevent backflow or facillitae venous return

A

valves prevent back flow

81
Q

fluid movement across a capillary wall is determined by the balance between capillary hydrostatic pressure and capillary osmotic pressure BECAUSE resistance in upstream arterioled is a major determinant of capillary pressure

A

bot true - not causally related

82
Q

what amount of mmHg is arterial pressure homoestatically controlled at

A

precisely regulated at 90mmHg

83
Q

in the negative feedback - homeostatic control loop what happens first afferent or efferent pathway

A

afferent (remember SAME)

84
Q

what MABP receptor is in the aortic and carotid sinus

A

barorecpetors

85
Q

what are baroreceptors

A

pressure

86
Q

what cells in the arterial walls can respond to both increase and decrease of blood pressure

A

stretch sensitive cells

87
Q

if increase in MAP what does this mean for stretch

A

increase stretch

88
Q

what does the carotid baroreceptor feed into aortic or carotid sinus nerve

A

carotid sinus

89
Q

when is there tonic activity

A

at rest

90
Q

change in baroreceptor stretch means what

A

change in action potential frequency in afferent nerves

91
Q

increase MAP means what for stretch

A

increase stretch and increase action potentials

92
Q

why does there need to be rapid pulsatile discharge in cardiac cycle

A

short -term regulator of MAP

93
Q

the integrator has the nucleus tractus solitatius where is this located

A

in the medulla

94
Q

what is the integrator role

A

collect info

95
Q

for both symp and parasymp - efferent output what is the order

A

pre-ganglionic to post-ganglionic

96
Q

where does the efferent out put go for sympathetic

A

ganglia - down spinal

97
Q

where does the efferent out put go for parasympathetic

A

to heart

98
Q

in the automic nerve output low pressure goes to symp or parasymp

A

symp
- wanting to lower pressure

99
Q

what occurs in response to an increase in MABP

A

decrease contractility
increase vasodilation
decrease HR

100
Q

what is haemorrhage

A

lose of blood

101
Q

what are the 3 stages of restoration for haemorrage

A
  1. baroreflex
  2. cardiovascular volume restoration
  3. TBV restoration
102
Q

what is an immediate response for haemorrhage

A

baroflex

103
Q

what are three important things that effect MABP

A
  • decrease venous return
  • decrease CO
  • decrease arterial blood pressue
104
Q

in long term restoring of blood volume from haemorrahage what hormone is involved

A

increase renin-angiotensin- aldostron system

105
Q

in long term restoring of blood volume from haemorrahage what what do you increase and decrease of renal

A

decrease renal perfusion pressure
increase renal sympathetic stimulation

106
Q

what does an increase in renin lead to

A

increase in Ang 2 = increase in vasoconstriction

107
Q

activation of baroreflec due to a drop in mean arterial blood press will result in

A

increase sympathetic nerve activity and vasoconstriction

108
Q

is the barorecpetor are tonically inactive at rest

A

false

109
Q

at rest arterial bp is mainatined at 120/80 ro inactivate the barorecptor

A

false

110
Q

regulation of blood flow is not _____ for all organs. some vasular beds are _____

A

uniform
specialised

111
Q

coronary arteries delievery blood where

A

to the heart

112
Q

what surface are large vessl on

A

epicardial surface

113
Q

where do smaller vessels penetrate into

A

myocardium

114
Q

what amount of cardiac output does the 1st tissue perfused in the systetmic circualtion

A

5%

115
Q

___ of aorta during diastole due to elastic tissue helps perfuse coronary arteries

A

recoil

116
Q

low or high resistinac conduit vessles at epicardial surface

A

Low

117
Q

cardiac muscle is what metabolidm and does every cell have capillary close

A

onley aerobic
- yes every

117
Q

skeltal muscle is what metabolidm and does every cell have capillary close

A

aerobic and anaerobic
- no

118
Q

where does coronary veins drain deoxgenative blood into

A

right atrium

119
Q

coronary circulation is _____ and _____ circualtion in body

A

first and shortest

120
Q

what is the function of the coronary sinus

A

collect blood from cardaic vein
- empties int RA

121
Q

how musch or myocardial perfusion occurs during diastole

A

75%

122
Q

what is the myocardium perfusion dependent on

A

aortic pressure

123
Q

with increase O2 demand heart metabolism can’t be compromised what does this mean

A

limited abilty to extract more

124
Q

how many times higher is vasodilator reserver capacity

A

5 x

125
Q

what effect of SNS i overcome by metabolic autoregulation

A

transient

126
Q

what is the primary regulator of coronary flow

A

active hyperemia

127
Q

if increase O2 consumption what vaso is this needed

A

vasodilation

128
Q

what 2 metabolic messengers lead to vasodilation

A

nitric oxide, adenosine, hypoxia

129
Q

what is hypoxia

A

low oxygen demand

130
Q

the circumflex coronary supplies what area of heart

A

left atrium and posterior left vnticale

131
Q

high flow, low pressure, low resistance, high compliance are part of what circulation system

A

pulmonary

132
Q

what does low pulmonary perfusion pressure prevent

A

pulmonary capillary H2O loss

133
Q

pooling of blood with gravity means what about pulmonary blood flow

A

high compliance

134
Q

in the lungs the top of the lungs is postivie or negative

A

positive

135
Q

what decreases and increases with the upper resiongs of the lungs
- hydrostatic pressure
- resistance
- blood flow

A

decrease hydrostatic pressure
increase resistance
decrease blood flow

136
Q

what is hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV)

A

blood diverted away from poorly ventilated alveoli

137
Q

in the endothelial regulation there is a balance between

A

constriction and dilation

138
Q

n the endothelial regulation if there is a imbalance what would this lead to

A

pulmonary hypertension

139
Q

alph receptors for ____ vessels and vaso____

A

large
vasoconstritriction

140
Q

beta receptors for ___ vessels and vaso____

A

small
vasodilation

141
Q

what is the circulation of adult and fetal

A

adult - series
fetal - parallel

142
Q

what is the function of the chronic villi

A
  1. absorb nutrients
  2. remove waste
  3. uptake of oxygen
143
Q

what are the two fetal pulmonary vascular shunts that have 90% of CO flow through shunts

A
  1. foramen oval
  2. ductus arteriosus
144
Q

how much blood uses the ductus venosus as a bypass

A

50-60%

145
Q

how much O2 does the umbilical benous blood have

A

70-80%

146
Q

what part of the body has higher metabolic demand

A

upper body of fetus

147
Q

what areas of body in fetus receive most O2

A

Brain and heart

148
Q

ductus arteriosus shunts blood from where

A

the pulmonary artery to aorta

149
Q

the umbilical arteries carry what

A

low oxygenated blood from the fetus to the placenta

150
Q

how does the circulation changes once given birth

A

lungs uptake of O2

151
Q

what happens to the lungs when the baby first cries

A

inhaltion - inflate of lungs - lungs are filled with air

152
Q

there is no more ________ vasoconstriction when lungs are filled with airs (at babies first cry)

A

hypoxic

153
Q

the space around the chorionic villus contains what
- but not what

A

contains
- O2
- CO2
- maternal blood

Not
- fetal blood

154
Q

pulmonary vascular resistance berfore birth is high BECAUSE oxygenated blood is shunted from right atrium to left atrium through foramen ovale

A

both true
- statements are NOT causally related

155
Q
A

PHSL232 (6 decks)

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