Cyber Electromagnetic Activities

Question 1

Cyber attack types

Answer 1

Denial of service
Exploitation
Misinformation
Cellphones on the battlefield: cellphone tracking: GSM sniffing, WiFi sniffing

Question 2

denial of service

Answer 2

can either completely shut down a system from communicating or can cause delays to the point where the system is not practical to use; jamming

Question 3

misinformation

Answer 3

cause mistrust and deteriorate morale, and provide inaccurate information that furthers their interests

Question 4

exploitation

Answer 4

hacking into systems, sending phony messages, finding GPS coordinates; Essential Elements of Friendly Info (EEFI)

Question 5

Cellphones on Battlfield

Answer 5

capability to both intercept and direction-find nearly all communications from hand-held cellular devices and tactical radios to Command-level encrypted datalinks;
detect, coordinate, strike

Question 6

Electromagnetic Spectrum

Answer 6

range of all possible electromagnetic radiation: “sweet spot” is VHF, UHF, SHF – SINGARS and cellphones are on VHF

Question 7

EMS Mitigation Strategies

Answer 7

• Omnidirectional antenna: reduce probability of location being found, use when moving
• Using the lowest power setting for effective coms
• signature amplification: EMS Signature is smaller when antennas are dislocated from unit, harder to detect
• terrain masking: using terrain as barriers to hide radio emissions from adversary exploitation
• emission control: only speak when you need to
  directional antennas: better for only needing to contact 1 other unit, use when stationary

Question 8

PACE Plans

Answer 8

best PACE plan is spectrally diverse, easy to set-up and maintain, and not dependent on civilian sponsorship

Question 9

Quick Transmission Times

Answer 9

• Ensure all transmission are necessary
• Preplan messages before transmitting them
• Transmit quickly and precisely
• Use equipment capable of data burst transmission
• Use an alternate means of communications
• Use of brevity codes

Question 10

Communications Jamming Indicators

Answer 10

• Robotic sounds, howling
• Prerecorded sounds playing
• Loss of control of UAS

Question 11

GPS Jamming

Answer 11

• Loss of GPS signal
• Loss of or incorrect time
• Grid coordinates inaccurate
• Jamming detection warning message

Question 12

What to do with suspected jamming

Answer 12

• Increasing the transmission power
• Increasing the distance between you and the jammer
• Changing frequency in accordance with the PACE plans
• Using terrain or vehicles to shield friendly antennas from the jamming emanations
• body mass shielding

File JSIR (Jay’Seer) or Joint Spectrum Interference Report

Encase GPS with trash can or put in small hole

Question 13

Incorporating cyber and EW into Ops

Answer 13

CEMA sections and EW NCOs can assist you in identifying vulnerabilities in your plan and identify Cyber and EW targets that can help your chances of successful execution of your plan

Question 14

“Effects Based Targeting” 4 D’s

Answer 14

The five effects to request in support of your operation: Deny, Degrade, Disrupt, Destroy, or Manipulate.

Deny - target cannot use spectrum or equipment for a period of time.

Degrade - target cannot use equipment at full capacity

Disrupt - target can intermittently use equipment

Destroy - target is made inoperable

Manipulate - target receives information, such as re-transmitting a tactical order recorded earlier to a subordinate unit at a key time to cause confusion.