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JDL > Cytogen Lesson 1 > Flashcards

Cytogen Lesson 1 Flashcards

(66 cards)

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1
Q

Decides human genotype

A

Human Genome Project

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2
Q

Is a vast store of info encoded i nthe sequence of bldg. blocks of DNA

A

Human Genome

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3
Q

Affects our health and traits and holds clue to how we are biologically related to one another

A

Genetic Info

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4
Q

Study of inherited traints, rooted in DNA, and their variations and transmission

A

Genetics

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5
Q

Touches forensics, bioethics, psychology, and even history

A

Genetics

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6
Q

Considers how people are related and where their ancestors lived

Using and comparing info from DNA sequence and evidence such as docu, old photog, ,maps and fam stories and memories

A

Genetic Genealogy

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7
Q

Transmission of traits and biological info between generations

A

Heredity

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8
Q

range from obvious physical characteristics to many aspects of health (disease risk of developing disease)

A

Inherited traits

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9
Q

Functions as the units of heredity in that copies of genes are passed from 1 gen to next

A

Genes

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10
Q

Biochemical instructions that instructs cells for protein sysnthesis

A

Genes

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11
Q

Meaning of DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic AcidT

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12
Q

Transmit information in its sequence of 4 types of cells building blocks

Located in nucleus

A

DNA

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13
Q

4 Types of building blocks

A

Adenine
Guanine
Thymine
Cytosine

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14
Q

Constitute a complete set if genetic instructions, characteristics of an org. including protein-encoding genes and other DNA sequence

A

Genome

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15
Q

Tiny slice of genome that encodes protein and is responsible for many aspects of health and our traits, including our differences

A

Exome

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16
Q

Only about 1 percent of the 3.2 billion building blocks of our genome specify proteins

A

Exome

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17
Q

Constitute the analyzing and comparing genomes

A

Genomics

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18
Q

Addresses concerns that arise from the use of new genetic technologies, privacy, and discrimination

A

Bioethics

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19
Q

Levels of Genetics and Genomics

A

Molecular Level
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Individuals
Familes
Population
Evolution of species

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20
Q

The “rails” or backbone is consisted of alternating chem groups

Double helix

A

DNA: Molecular Level

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21
Q

Alternating chem groups

A

Sugars
Phosphates
Nitrogenous Bases

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22
Q

Nitrogenous bases:

A

Adenine and Thymine
Cytosine and Guanine

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23
Q

The chemical structure of DNA gives the 2 key abilities that are essential for being the basis of life

A
  1. DNA can replicate itself when a cell divides
  2. DNA info accessed to manufacture specific proteins
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24
Q

Genetics info flows only in 1 direction from DNA -> RNA -> Protein

A

Central Dogma Theory

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25
Chains of the double helix untwist and separate and each half builds a new partner chain from free DNA bases Resulting daughter cells inherit identical copies of the genome during cell division Chemical attractions (hydrogen bonds) hold the bases of a pair together
DNA Replication
26
Copies the sequence of part of one strand of DNA into related type of molecule -> mRNA which has uracil as base
Transcription/Gene Expression
27
Each 3 RNA bases in a row attract another type of RNA that functions as a connector, bringing a particular amino acid
Translation
28
illustrates how a missing/abnormal protein causes the symptoms of an inherited disease The funcitoning protein works like a selective doorway in cells lining the airways and certain other body parts, thickening secretions when it doesn't work properly
Cystic Fibrosis
29
Provide the traits associated with genes
Proteins
30
Meaning of CFTR
Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator
31
A chane in a gene that can have an effect at the whole=person level Once a gene mutates, the change passed on when the cell that contains it replicated its DNA and divides
Mutation
32
In CFTR
A change of a "C" in the DNA sequence at a specific location in the gene to a "T" inserts the amino acid aspartic acid rather than the amino acid glycine as the protein forms which blocks protein channels
33
Same protein-encoding gene may vary slightly in DNA base seq from person-to-person Gene variants Changes in DNA sequence that distinguish alleles arise by mutation
Alleles
34
Threadlike structure located at nucleus Group of DNA sequences of the human genome
Chromosomes
35
Chromosomes consists of:
23 chromosomes (sex cells) 46 chromosomes (23 pairs) somatic
36
22 out of 23 pairs of chromosomes that do not differ between sexes
Autosomes
37
Displays the chromosomes pairs from largest to smallest
Karyotype
38
A trait caused predominantly by a single gene Most characteristics are complex traits
Mandelian Trait
39
Determined by 1/more genes and env factors Eg hair color
Complex Traits
40
Approximately 30 trillion cells All somatic cells execpt RBCs contain 2 copies of the genome
Cells
41
Specialization of distinctive cells types The use/experssion to diff subsets to genes to manufacture proteins drives differentiation
Differentiation
42
Unspecialized Can divide to yield another stem cell and a cell that differentiates Provide a reserve supply of cells that enable an organ to grow and repair damage.
Stem Cells
43
Groups of differentiated cells assemble and interact with each other to form aggregates calles
Tissues
44
Intertwine and later to form organs
Tissues
45
Refers to the underlyin DNA instructions Allele Present
Genotype
46
Visible trait, biochemical change/effect on health Alleles expressed
Phenotype
47
2 types of Alleles
Dominant Recessive
48
Has an effect when present in just one copy (1 chromosome)
Dominant
49
Must be present on both chromosomes of a pair to be expressed
Recessive
50
Depict the members of a family Indicate which individuals have particular inherited traits
Pedigrees/Pedigree Chart
51
Group of individuals that can have healthy offspring together Large collection of alleles of distinguised by their frequency
Population
52
All alleles in a population
Gene Pool
53
Refers to the techniques, statistical analyses, and machine learning approaches that are used to compare DNA seq betweeen and among individuals
DNA Profiling
54
Most often used in forensic science
DNA Profiling
55
Can connect past to present, from determining family relationships to establishing geographic origins of specific populations
DNA Testing/Dna Analysis
56
Sometimes confirms findins from anthropology and history and sometimes contradicts it
DNA Evidence
57
Combining analysis of genetic diversity with reproductive technologies creates a way to rebuild populations that are headed toward species extinctions. This is the case for the northen white rhineceros of Africa
Conservation Genetics
58
Determines specific DNA DNA data are considered along with other types of information that can impact health, such as environmental exposures, exiercise, diet, lifesyle factros, family histories, and microbiomes
Precision Medicine
59
Many microbes that live in and on the human body, collectively
Microbiome
60
A precision medicine apporach consults DNA information to select drugs that are most likely to work and least likely to have side effects in a particular indi
Pharmacongenetics
61
Aletering a gene or genome in a way that does not occur in nature
Genetic Modification
62
Adds a gene from different species
Recombinant DNA technology
63
More specific and powerful Can replace, remove, or add specific genes into the cells of any organisims
Genome Editing
64
Uses enzymes that cut both strands of DNA double helix at selected site
CRISPR-Cas9
65
Determines the order of the DNA bases of all parts of genome that encode proteins Valuable after more conventional diagnostics tests, such as tests for single gene disease and chromosomes abnormalitles, do not explain a person's symptoms.
Exome Sequencing
66
A field that describes much of the invisible living world by sequencing all of the DNA in a habitat such as soil, insect's gut, garbage
Metagenomics

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