Cytokines

Question 1

Chemical messengers that regulate the immune system

Answer 1

Cytokines

Question 2

Single cytokine can have many different actions

Answer 2

Pleiotropy

Question 3

Different cytokines activate some of the same pathways and genes

Answer 3

Redundancy

Question 4

Effect of cytokines complement and enhance each other

Answer 4

Synergistic

Question 5

Cytokine secreted by a specific type of cell can activate target cells to produce additional cytokines

Answer 5

Cascade induction

Question 6

Main cytokines involved in innate immune response

Answer 6

IL-1, TNF-a, IL-6, chemokines, transforming growth factor-B, IFN-a & B

Question 7

IL-1a & B are produced by:

Answer 7

Monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells

Question 8

Functions as the thermostat for the body

Answer 8

Hypothalamus

Question 9

Acts as an endogenous pyrogen (induces fever) in the acute-phase response

Answer 9

IL-1

Question 10

IL-1 induces production of ____.

Answer 10

Vascular cell-adhesion molecules
Chemokines
IL-6

Question 11

Passage of leukocytes through the walls of the blood vessels

Answer 11

Diapedesis

Question 12

Best characterized cytokine inhibitor

Answer 12

IL-1RA

Question 13

Cytokine which causes vasodilation and increased permeability

Answer 13

TNF-a

Question 14

Main trigger for TNF-a

Answer 14

Presence of lipopolysaccharide from gram(-) bacteria

Question 15

Primary mediator of TNF-a signal transduction

Answer 15

TNFR1

Question 16

TRUE or FALSE: TNF-a and IL-1 are present in rheumatoid synovial fluids and synovial membrane of patients with RA.

Answer 16

True

Question 17

IL-6 is produced by:

Answer 17

Lymphoid and non-lymphoid cell types

Question 18

____ triggers IL-6 secretion.

Answer 18

IL-1

Question 19

Stimulates B cells to proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells

Answer 19

IL-6

Question 20

Induces CD4+ T cells to produce greater quantities of pro- & anti-inflammatory cytokines

Answer 20

IL-6

Question 21

Common signal-transducing receptor subunit used by cytokines

Answer 21

gp130

Question 22

Family of cytokines that enhance motility and promote migration of WBCs

Answer 22

Chemokines

Question 23

Cell adhesion molecules on leukocytes

Answer 23

Integrins

Question 24

Chemokine receptors used by HIV as coreceptors for infection of CD4+ T lymphocytes & macrophages

Answer 24

CXCR4 & CCR5

Question 25

Induces antiproliferative activity; acts as a control to help downregulate inflammatory response when no longer needed

Answer 25

TGF-B

Question 26

Important factor in the establishment of oral tolerance to bacteria

Answer 26

TGF-B

Question 27

IFNs are produced by:

Answer 27

Dendritic cells

Question 28

Induce production of proteins and pathways that directly interfere with viral replication and cell division

Answer 28

IFN-a & B (type I IFNs)

Question 29

TRUE or FALSE: Type I IFN does not activate NK cells.

Answer 29

False

Question 30

IFN which is efficacious in treating multiple sclerosis

Answer 30

IFN-B

Question 31

IFN used to treat hepatitis C and Kaposi's sarcoma

Answer 31

IFN-a

Question 32

Activation of ____ cells induces high-level expression of IFN-gamma.

Answer 32

Th1

Question 33

____ increases the cytolytic ability of NK cells.

Answer 33

IL-12

Question 34

____ is the principal molecule produced by Th1 cells.

Answer 34

IFN-Y

Question 35

Most potent activator of macrophages

Answer 35

IFN-Y

Question 36

Also known as the T-cell growth factor

Answer 36

IL-2

Question 37

Induces production of MHC-I, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, and CD80 and CD86

Answer 37

IL-4

Question 38

Plays an anti-inflammatory role by inhibiting activation and cytokine secretion by monocytes

Answer 38

IL-13

Question 39

Has an anti-inflammatory and suppressive effects on Th1 cells

Answer 39

IL-10

Question 40

Serves as an antagonist to IFN-Y

Answer 40

IL-10

Question 41

TGF-B induces expression of ____, a transcription factor that causes Treg cells to suppress the activity of other T cells.

Answer 41

Foxp3

Question 42

CD4+ T cells induced from antigen-activated naive T cells in the presence of IL-10

Answer 42

Adaptive T regulatory (Tr1) cells

Question 43

Play an important role in host defense against bacterial ad fungal infections at mucosal surfaces

Answer 43

Th17 cells

Question 44

Primary mediators of hematopoiesis

Answer 44

Colony stimulating factors (CSFs)

Question 45

Acts to drive differentiation toward other WBC types

Answer 45

GM-CSF

Question 46

If ____ is activated, the cells become macrophages.

Answer 46

M-CSF

Question 47

If ____ is activated, the cells become neutrophils.

Answer 47

G-CSF

Question 48

Regulates RBC production in the bone marrow; produced by the kidneys

Answer 48

Erythropoietin

Question 49

EPO levels should be interpreted with ____ because levels ca increase up to a thousand-fold during anemia.

Answer 49

Hematocrit