Cytokines

Question 1

Redundancy is explained in part by the common use of cytokine receptor signaling subunits by groups of cytokines. True or false?

Answer 1

true

Question 2

In regards to cytokine receptor-mediated signal transduction, receptor-ligand binding causes receptor polypeptides to ____ or polymerize at the target cell surface

Answer 2

dimerize

Question 3

In regards to cytokine receptor-mediated signal transduction, the juxtaposed cytoplasmic tails of the receptor polypeptides activate ___ ____ kinases

Answer 3

JAK tyrosine

Question 4

In regards to cytokine receptor-mediated signal transduction, the JAK kinases phosphorylate the cytoplasmic domains of the receptor and the _____ transcription factors in the cytoplasm

Answer 4

STAT

Question 5

In regards to cytokine receptor-mediated signal transduction, once phosphorylated, STATs dimerize and then translocate to the ___, where they bind to enhancer regions of certain genes. The genes are then transcribed into RNA and translated into proteins

Answer 5

nucleus

Question 6

For the following cytokine, give the source and function:

IL-1

Answer 6

source: monocytes, macrophages
function: fever, acute phase response; induces IL-2R expression and IL-2 synthesis in T cells; enhances adhesion molecule expression on leukocytes and endothelial cells

Question 7

For the following cytokine, give the source and function:

IL-2

Answer 7

source: TH1 cells
function: activates T cells and NK cells

Question 8

For the following cytokine, give the source and function:

IL-3

Answer 8

source: Thelper cells
function: stimulates hematopoiesis

Question 9

For the following cytokine, give the source and function:

IL-4

Answer 9

source: TH2 cells, mast cells, basophils
function: promotes TH2 development; inhibits TH1 development; promotes IgE and IgG4 synthesis by B cells

Question 10

For the following cytokine, give the source and function:

IL-5

Answer 10

source: TH2 cells
function: Eosinophil development; class switching to IgA in B cells

Question 11

For the following cytokine, give the source and function:

IL-6

Answer 11

source: TH2 cells, B cells, macrophages, endothelial cells
function: stimulates acute phase protein and antibody synthesis; low-level pyrogen, stimulates differentiation of B cells to plasma cells

Question 12

For the following cytokine, give the source and function:

IL-7

Answer 12

source: bone marrow and thymic stromal cells
function: growth factor for pre-T and pre-B cells

Question 13

For the following cytokine, give the source and function:

IL-8

Answer 13

source: macrophages
function: chemokine that attracts neutrophils and naive T cells

Question 14

For the following cytokine, give the source and function:

IL-10

Answer 14

source: Treg cells
function: inhibits TH1 and macrophages; protects against autoimmunity

Question 15

For the following cytokine, give the source and function:

IL-12

Answer 15

source: activated macrophages, DCs, B cells
function: activates TH1, NK, and Tc cells

Question 16

For the following cytokine, give the source and function:

IL-13

Answer 16

source: TH2 cells
function: B cell growth factor; class switch to IgE

Question 17

For the following cytokine, give the source and function:

IL-17 family

Answer 17

source: TH17 cells
function: pro-inflammatory, promotes neutrophil migration and differentiation; autoimmunity reactions

Question 18

For the following cytokine, give the source and function:

IFN alpha and beta

Answer 18

source: many cell types
function: induced by viral infection and darn; anti-viral; induces class I MHC expression

Question 19

For the following cytokine, give the source and function:

IFN gamma

Answer 19

source: TH1 cells
function: selects TH1 subset; inhibits TH2 subset; activates macrophages, NK and Tc cells; promotes class II mHC expression

Question 20

For the following cytokine, give the source and function:

TNF alpha

Answer 20

source: macrophages
function: inflammation; enhances adhesion molecule expression; enhances phagocytosis and respiratory burst in macrophages; induces fever, acute phase protein release, septic shock, cachexia (weight loss)

Question 21

For the following cytokine, give the source and function:

TNF beta

Answer 21

source: TH1 cells
function: kills infected cells, tumors

Question 22

For the following cytokine, give the source and function:

TGF beta

Answer 22

source: Treg cells
function: stimulates IgA production; inhibits cell-mediated immunity; anti-inflammatory; promotes fibroblast growth and wound healing

Question 23

For the following cytokine, give the source and function:

GM-CSF, M-CSF, G-CSF

Answer 23

source: T cells, monocytes
function: promotes growth of granulocytes and/or monocytes, as indicated by name