Cytokines, Chemokines, and Their receptors

Question 1

what is a cytokine

Answer 1

protein that mediates the functions of the immune resonse

Question 2

what type of cells can produce cytokines

Answer 2

• lymphocytes
• macrophages
• all cells of innate and adaptive immune systems
• tons of cells*

Question 3

cytokines that attract cells are known as

Answer 3

chemokines

Question 4

in general, cytokine secretions are _____ and ______

Answer 4

brief and self-limited

Question 5

The action of cytokines is said to be pleitropic and redundant, what does this mean

Answer 5

means cytokines elicit multiple different effects, and that 2 diff. cytokines can signal for the same effect

Question 6

Cytokines are A) synergistic B) antagonistic or C) Both

Answer 6

C both

Question 7

T/F the production of one cytokine Does NOT influence other cytokines, they only act on themselves

Answer 7

False, cytokines influence eacthother dramatically

Question 8

Cytokines can act locally and systemically, what are the 2 secretion stratagies that secrete locally and what secretion strategy acts systemically

Answer 8

Locally - paracrine and autocrine

Systemically - endocrine

Question 9

how do cytokines initiate their actions

Answer 9

by binding to specific membrane receptors

Question 10

cytokine receptor-ligand ligation results in ________ which in turn causes cellular action

Answer 10

gene expression

Question 11

what pro-inflammatory cytokine of the innate immune response is the principle mediator of the inflammatory response

Answer 11

TNF-alpha

Question 12

TNF-alpha is part of the innate immune response and can have 4 downstream effects, what are they

Answer 12

1 - increase selectin ligand expression
2 - increase P and E selectin expression
3 - increase chemokine expression
4 - increase integrin ligand expression

Question 13

T/F No matter what the quantitiy of TNF-alpha produced, it will always result in beneficial effects

Answer 13

False, to much production of TNF-alpha = sepsis

Question 14

IL-1 has is a pro-inflammatory cytokine of the innate immune response and has the same effects as _____

Answer 14

TNF-alpha

example of redundancy of cytokines*

Question 15

what are some characteristics of IL-6 ?

Answer 15

• pro-inflammatory cytokine of innate immunity

- involved in induction of acute phase of inflammatory response

Question 16

during an infection what causes you to feel sick ?

Answer 16

Increase in production of cytokines cause feelings of sickness b/c they travel to brain

Question 17

IL-12 is part of the innate immune response, what is it role ?

Answer 17

• primary mediator of intracellular pathogens

- production of Th1 immunity

Question 18

IL-12 leads to production of what type of helper t cells, and what type of immunity do these cells promote

Answer 18

type 1 helper t cells (Th1)

-promote cell-mediated immunity against intracellular pathogens

Question 19

IL-12 induces the production of _______

Answer 19

INF-gamma

Question 20

what cytokines are involved with Th1 type immunity (cell-mediated) ?

Answer 20

IFN-gamma, (IL-12)

protect against intracellular pathogens*

Question 21

what cytokines are involved with Th2 type immunity (humoral) ?

Answer 21

IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, (IL-2)

all fight against extracellular pathogens*

Question 22

which cytokines are considered part of the innate immunity and considered inflammatory cytokines

Answer 22

TNF-alpha
IL-1
IL-6

Question 23

Th1 cells protect against _____ pathogens whereas Th2 cells protect against _______ pathogens

Answer 23

Th1 - intracellular

Th2 - extracellular

Question 24

what cytokines are considered part of the adaptive immunity

Answer 24

IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13

Question 25

IL-2 is primarily needed for what ?

Answer 25

Growth/clonal expansion of T cells

Question 26

IFN-gamma is produced by _______ and has what 4 functions ?

Answer 26

- IL-12 1) activate macrophages 2) increase opsonization 3) increase Ag presentation 4) enhance microbicidal activity

Question 27

what is the key Th2 cytokine, and what does it do ?

Answer 27

IL-4, induces naive T cells to differentiated Th2 cells

Question 28

what 2 cytokines promote isotype or class switching to IgE

Answer 28

IL-4 and IL-13

Question 29

what is the function of IgE

Answer 29

binds to parasites and destroys extracellular pathogens

Question 30

IL-13 is very similar to _____ and is responsible for stimulating mucous production in the gut and lung to decrease parasites

Answer 30

IL-4

Question 31

what is the primary role of IL-5

Answer 31

production of eosinophils to fight off parasites

Question 32

what cytokine is involved in allergic responses

Answer 32

IL-5

Question 33

what is the inhibitory cytokine ? and what does it inhibit ?

Answer 33

IL-10 | -inhibits the production of IL-12 which would decrease IFN-gamma = decreased cytotoxic activty

Question 34

what is the primary role of chemokines

Answer 34

regulate migration of cells (chemotactic cytokines)

Question 35

chemokines are classified based on the number and location of ?

Answer 35

N-terminal cysteine residues

Question 36

in nomenclature of chemokines, it is important to remember that chemokine subclass bind/match to what ?

Answer 36

``` receptor subclass EX: CXC chemokines bind to CXC chemokine receptors ```

Question 37

chemokine ligands are loyal and chemokine receptors are sluts, what does this mean ?

Answer 37

chemokine ligands only bind to its ONE specific receptor whereas receptor can bind with multiple diff. ligands

Question 38

activated immune cells follow a ____________ in order to get to the site of infection

Answer 38

chemokine gradient

Question 39

what are the 5 receptor families for chemokines and cytokines

Answer 39

``` Type 1 cytokine receptor Type II cytokine receptor TNF receptor IL-I receptor G protein coupled receptor ```

Question 40

how are the different families of receptors for chemokines and cytokines distinguished

Answer 40

based upon their extracellular binding domain and intracellular signalling domain

Question 41

what cytokines are in the Type I cytokine receptor family

Answer 41

IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-12, IL-13

Question 42

what is the intracellular signaling pathway for Type I cytokine receptors

Answer 42

Jak-STAT cascade

Question 43

what cytokines are in the type II receptor family

Answer 43

IFN-gamma, IL-10

Question 44

what intracellular signal pathway does type II cytokine receptors use

Answer 44

Jak-STAT pathway

Question 45

what cytokine are in the TNF receptor family and what signal cascades do they use

Answer 45

TNF-alpha | -use multiple signal cascades that can lead top apoptosis

Question 46

what cytokine uses the IL-I receptor family, and what is its intracellular signalling pathway

Answer 46

IL-1alpha or IL-1Beta | -uses IRAK activating cascade

Question 47

what receptor family is very similar to Toll-like receptors

Answer 47

IL-1

Question 48

what cytokines use the the G-protein coupled receptor family, and how many transmembrane protein receptors are present in all G protein receptors

Answer 48

All chemokines | -7